Suchergebnisse

This report provides an overview of the current and projected Community Infrastructure for the residents within Shire of Broome. More specifically this report focuses on the use of Community Infrastructure by residents within the township of Broome, and the demand for this infrastructure by communities in the Shire. This report details the results of the Community Survey undertaken by Creative Communities Australia Pty Ltd and is complimented with the results of consultation undertaken by researchers at James Cook University that addressed the needs and aspirations of Social Inclusion groups in Broome. The results of this report can be used to inform the calculations that underpin the Community Infrastructure Development Contributions for future development in Broome. The Vision Statement that emerged from the results of consultation for the purposes of this report is consistent with the Shire of Broome's Forging Ahead Strategic Plan, namely - A liveable community that has access to a diverse range of infrastructure, facilities and services that contribute to the health and wellbeing of Broome residents and creates additional social and cultural capital. Five distinct themes related to the provision of Community Infrastructure emerged from the data analysis. These are as follows: 1. Protecting and Enhancing the Broome Lifestyle. The Broome lifestyle is typified through the shared appreciation of the natural landscape and in particular the coastal areas to the south of the township. All demographics enjoy these areas irrespective of age, ability, gender and culture. A threat to an ongoing association with the natural coastal landscape would have a significant impact on the identity of the community and to their leisure time. To ensure that the Broome lifestyle is protected and enhanced, development must be sensitive to the values on the coastal landscape and impacts must be proactively mitigated. 2. Opportunities for social connections Social capital is created through social contacts and networks. Whereas cultural capital is created through shared community experiences such as festivals and events. Accessing open spaces, community meeting places, third spaces (shopping centres), attending community festivals and the participation in sport and recreation provides opportunities to meet people and develop friendships and social networks. These types of capital are facilitated through the provision of community infrastructure such as cycle and pedestrian networks that are connected to safe open space and recreation. Most of the unstructured recreation activity that takes place in Broome is undertaken with family and friends and in undeveloped natural settings. 3. Cultural Understanding and shared experiences Understanding cultural traditions and providing knowledge about other cultures through events, festivals, public art and performing arts assists in facilitating cross cultural learning. This cross cultural learning is essential to creating bridging capital between different groups of people that possess different heritage within a community. Cultural capital is created through shared experiences such as traditions, customs, values, heritage, identity and history. The manner in which these shared experiences are facilitated can vary and will typically include at least one of the following if not a combination: • a space (infrastructure, open space and beaches) to gather and celebrate, • a theme (history, literature, specific to a nationality) to frame the experience • a medium to communicate the sharing of the experience (song, art, festival) 4. Collaborative Governance and Strong Leadership Collaborative governance refers to a shared responsibility between the Local government administration and the communities to develop alternatives, identify preferred solutions, and make decisions that create liveable communities. To achieve collaborative governance requires strong leadership, a commitment to the principles of social equity, open and transparent decision making processes and an informed community that understands the governance structures that Council are bound by. Shire of Broome will assist the community to be resourceful, innovative and resilient to enable the ability to adapt to change and manage community based services. 5. Diversity of services As the population increases, the demographic characteristics will change and the demand for a more diverse range of social and community facilities, infrastructure and services may ensue. The demand for the range of services to be delivered within the facilities and infrastructure may vary over time which will in turn affect short and long term efficiencies. This will require monitoring and evaluation of the demand for services and the utilisation of community infrastructure according to benchmarks. The Action Strategies from the table below emerged from the data analysis and focus on creating a means to which the community may access facilities, infrastructure and services that increase their health and wellbeing and that creates additional social and cultural capital.

What is a Community Plan? A Community Plan is a planning document that looks at medium and long range community needs and aspirations. The Plan is used to inform all other Council planning processes, including corporate planning, strategic land use planning and infrastructure planning. The Local Government Act 2009 requires Council to create a Community Plan. There is no specific format or process that a Council must go through to create a Community Plan, each Council develops their own approach to meet the needs of the respective communities. The Cloncurry Community Plan: The Cloncurry Shire is working with James Cook University (JCU) and the communities within the Shire to develop their Community Plan. This report summarises the findings of the surveys completed by Long Distance Commuters to Cloncurry Shire. This research examined the work/home environment of a Long Distance Commuter (LDC) to the Cloncurry Shire. The purpose of this research was to determine why they live where they live and what specific services and amenity values are sought at their current place of residence. Information such as this assists the Cloncurry Shire Council to understand the qualities that their communities must match in order to attract a permanent residential mining workforce to the Shire. Long Distance Commuting to Cloncurry Shire: Long distance commuting refers to travel from the usual place of residence for the purposes of work and remaining at the work destination for a period of time. This type of labour force has emerged as the demand for skilled workers outstripped the supply within local labour markets where the mines are located. This has been more recently adopted by the mining industry in the past 40 years as a more financially viable option to creating permanent mining towns. As a consequence of long distance commuting, the practice of establishing or consolidating settlements in remote locations has virtually ceased and this type of work force has become an established transient sub population in remote Australia. The host communities believe that there is a lack of flow on economic benefits from this form of development and the commuters are typically unable to contribute to the civic life of the host community which is in part due to the demanding work rosters that they perform. This study was specifically commissioned by the Cloncurry Shire Council in 2011 as part of the overall consultation for the Community Plan to provide an insight into the temporary sub population characteristics. More specifically the research sought to identify the important attributes and reasons why the long distance commuters chose and continue to live in their place of residence and to compare these to how they perceive Cloncurry. Attracting a permanent residential mining workforce to Cloncurry Shire would enable the type of population growth that levers more secure revenue base for a range of essential services and infrastructure. One of the greatest challenges facing the Shire administration is funding the provision of services and at levels that are prescribed by the state, in addition to those demanded by the resident population. Evidence suggests that population out migration of permanent population is attributed to a lack of state controlled services for specific age cohorts for example secondary school education (refer to Background Report 1 – Demographic Characteristics and Background Report 2 - Community Survey). To enable the Shire to specifically target and attract a permanent resident workforce they first required an understanding of their key characteristics. One thousand four hundred and fifty five (1445) surveys (see Attachment 1) were distributed to mining companies based in Cloncurry Shire for completion. It was decided to limit the study to just mining companies with an established presence in the Shire as it is virtually impossible to determine which exploration company is working on which tenement and when. Nearly one third or 468 surveys were returned completed resulting in a response rate of 32%. The age of the LDC ranged from 19 to 65, half of the sample possessed a certificate or trade qualification and one quarter a tertiary qualification. Two thirds of the sample was single and 85% of the total sample was male. Nearly 100% (99.4%) of the LDC sampled for this study (n=468) were temporary residents in the Shire (ie.0.6% were permanent residents in Cloncurry). Of those temporary residents, 96% flew to work at the commencement and completion of each roster rotation with 50% starting the journey from the Townsville airport. For nearly half of the sample (48.5%) the travel journey took less than three hours and for 17.5% greater than 7 hours. Overall 51% of the LDC sample had been employed for less than two years by their current company. Of those who were employed as contractors (n=172 or 37% of the total sample), one fifth (20%) had been employed for more than five years and half (51%) for less than two years. Surprisingly 40% of the sample has been working more than 5 years in the North West Queensland (NWQ) area and nearly one quarter (25%) greater than 9 years. These results would indicate that the length of work at the prospective company in the shire is relatively low by comparison to the number of years worked in the NWQ area. This further suggests a work related commitment to the area, but not a personal commitment to living in Cloncurry Shire. In addition, the sample demonstrated a high level of experience as LDC workers to remote areas with more than 40% having greater than 5 years experience. One quarter (28%) of the sample indicated that they would continue the commuting lifestyle for more than five years and slightly more than one quarter (29%) for between one and five years. For 41% of the sample they were unsure how much longer they would continue commuting for work. Less than one fifth (19%) of the sample had plans to cease work in the mining industry within the coming one to five years and slightly less than half (46.4%) indicated that they would be working for at least the next five years in mining. Would they move closer to work in the Cloncurry Shire? The vast majority (94.6%) indicated that they had no intention of moving closer to work in the Shire. With results such as these it is not possible to derive statistically valid reasons to describe precisely why the LDC workers would not move. There is far too much variation in the sample characteristics within 94.6% of the sample that indicated that they would not move to Cloncurry to reliably identify predictor variables. General conclusions and inferences can be made to indicate some of the major impediments to establishing a permanent residential workforce. These included: 1. Lack of Recreation and Entertainment (48.5%) 2. Family won't move (46.3%) 3. Lack of services (36.6%) 4. Lack of job opportunities for partner (32%) 5. Lack of Education opportunities (30%) These results would indicate that a diversified economy (to employ partners), a range of education opportunities (for spouse and dependents), a full range of services (social and health infrastructure) and recreation infrastructure would describe some, but not all of the pre move conditions necessary to attract a permanent residential workforce. For nearly half of this sample (48%) the roster system entailed eight days at work and six days at home (ie 8 on and 6 off). This is equivalent to 1:0.75 ratio (ie for every day worked they receive three quarters of a day off). Other rotations included 14 on and 7 off (1:0.5), 14 on and 14 off (1:1), 7 on and 7 off (1:1), and 4 on and 3 off (1:0.75). The roster system rotation is very different to that experienced in the mining sector twenty years ago or indeed even 10 years ago whereby the length of time away at work has dramatically reduced by proportion to the time spent at home. The author's own experience 25 years hence was three months on, 13 days a fortnight, 11 hours a day and 5 days home. This equates to 78 days on and 11 off or alternatively for every one day worked there was 0.14 of a day off. This change in the roster system rotations is related to (amongst other things) improved transport efficiencies, supply and demand of skilled employees and global industry changes to the way in which mining companies operate (see for instance Markey 2011). The Cloncurry Shire will have to consider the market trends that the mining sector is undergoing in order to stay competitive in addition to creating solutions that meet both the needs of the current resident population and the high level of social infrastructure provision necessary to attract the LDC workforce to become permanent residents of the Shire. The Strategies that emerged from this research for incorporation into the Community Plan include: Strategy LDC1: Lobby the state of Queensland and the federal government to upgrade the status of the hospital to enable the provision of a wider range of specialist services. Strategy LDC2: Cloncurry Shire Council and the Queensland Department of Community Services work together to develop and implement community safety plans (with KPI's), identify key safety priorities and seek funding to address accordingly. Strategy LDC3: Create and implement a Shade Creation code within the planning scheme. Strategy LDC4: Implement a Community Safety Plan. Strategy LDC5: Lobby for reliable mobile phone coverage for all communities in the Shire, including the roll out of the National Broadband Network. Strategy LDC6: Seek a review of air transport subsidies and scheduling polices to increase the affordability and frequency of air services. Strategy LDC7: Formalise camping and recreation opportunities at water storages in the Shire (as per youth recommendations). Strategy LDC8: Diversify and strengthen the local economy to provide a range of job opportunities. Strategy LDC9: Address the education facilities and services at the senior level (high school) to be equivalent service provision to that delivered in the urban centres of Queensland.

What is a Community Plan? A Community Plan is a planning document that looks at medium and long range community needs and aspirations. It is used to inform all other Council planning processes, including corporate planning, strategic land use planning and infrastructure planning. The Local Government Act 2009 requires Council to create a Community Plan. There is no specific format or process that a Council must go through to create a Community Plan, each Council develops their own approach to meet the needs of the respective communities. The Cloncurry Community Plan The Cloncurry Shire is working with James Cook University (JCU) and the communities within the Shire to develop their Community Plan. This report summarises the findings of the Consultation activities undertaken with the youth of Cloncurry Shire. Consultation with school students – August 2011: • Workshopping with every class in the Shire – to determine what the students like about their town and what they think could be done to improve the Shire. • Students from grades 1 to 7 were asked to draw a picture of the thing(s) that they like most about Cloncurry. • Students in grade 7 from Cloncurry SS and Dajarra SS were asked to take photographs of the things they liked and the things they thought could be enhanced to make the Shire a better place to live. • Students from Cloncurry State High School grades 7-12 were asked to complete a short survey : what job would they be doing in 2030, where would they be living, and if not in Cloncurry in 2030 why not. This report analyses the results of the consultation and concludes with 11 strategies for incorporation in the Community Plan from the students at Dajarra State School and 26 Strategies from the students at both St Josephs and Cloncurry State School and High School. The strategies relate to suggestions for community services, upgrades to infrastructure, economic development and education facilities and services.

What is a Community Plan? A Community Plan is a planning document that looks at medium and long range community needs and aspirations. The Plan is used to inform all other Council planning processes, including corporate planning, strategic land use planning and infrastructure planning. The Local Government Act 2009 requires Council to create a Community Plan. There is no specific format or process that a Council must go through to create a Community Plan, each Council develops their own approach to meet the needs of the respective communities. The Cloncurry Community Plan The Cloncurry Shire is working with James Cook University (JCU) and the communities within the Shire to develop their Community Plan. This report summarises the demographic characteristics of the Cloncurry Shire. The demographic profile of the Cloncurry Shire community, illustrates that the community shares many demographic features common to communities where the predominant economic activity within the shire includes mining and mine support activities. These demographic features are a result of the presence of temporary workers and long distance commuters who are counted on Census nights, and whose presence invariably impacts upon the local community, affecting education, housing, household composition and employment to name a few. This demographic profile also tells us that the Cloncurry community is quite different to the Queensland community, and whilst performing better in some aspects such as unemployment, income and labour force participation, there are other aspects that Cloncurry should do better, in particular education and addressing socio-economic disadvantage. To briefly summarise a sample of the key findings: • Cloncurry is home to greater numbers of working age people and these people enjoy higher wages than their Queensland counterparts. There are many more males than females in all age cohorts from 5 years of age all the way to 84 years of age, leading to a large degree of gender imbalance in certain age cohorts. • Cloncurry's overall population is highly dependent upon mining activities occurring within the shire. Whilst population rise and fall cannot be directly attributed to certain mining activities such as construction and decommissioning, population change can generally be linked to mine expansion and contraction activities. These changes in the population from one Census period to the next roughly lie between 15 and 20 percent. It is expected that there will be minimal population growth to 2031. • Incomes are higher in Cloncurry than for Queensland, and incomes are higher in Cloncurry than in other smaller centres such as Dajarra. Higher incomes are not evenly distributed. For example males enjoy higher incomes than females because males are employed more commonly in mining and service related industries that support mining. The majority of weekly individual incomes in Dajarra are in the $150 to $249 bracket. The Census data suggests issues related to equality occurring across Cloncurry Shire – with opportunities to earn a good income limited for some. • Cloncurry scored low on indexes of Socio-Economic Disadvantage. Additional research is likely to uncover areas of extreme Socio-Economic Disadvantage given that the presence of temporary workers and long-distance commuters in the mining industry may be raising SEIFA scores to levels greater than what they would be (if such work arrangements were less common). • There is a significant drop in the age cohort 15 to 19 years, which is likely to be attributed to students leaving Cloncurry to complete their high school education outside of the shire. This in turn has impacts upon tertiary education rates and potentially population levels. Tertiary education rates are lower in Cloncurry than for Queensland and it is possible that these students who leave Cloncurry to complete their schooling may never return. • The percentage of family household types has fallen over time, and the percentage of couple families with children is the family household type that has decreased the most. These have been replaced with increases in non-family household types such as lone, group and other household types. • The housing market in the shire is small, and although real estate and Census statistics show no indication of housing stress and affordability issues, this is in conflict with primary data obtained as part of Community Plan surveying by the research team. It is known that a significant proportion of rental accommodation is subsidised in Cloncurry Shire and these subsidies aren't captured through available Census statistics.

In remote areas, settlements are usually established for specific purposes such as: an administrative outpost; to support a specific transport technology; service extractive natural resource industries such as mining, farming, fishing and forestry, or; provide a location for a military establishment. If the purpose for which a settlement was established changes, there is potential for decline to occur unless a replacement industry can be established. As the authors of Chapter 3 have conveyed, resource based settlements in particular are susceptible to boom and bust cycles linked to overdependence on external markets (Schmallegger and Carson, 2010). Finding replacement industries is generally difficult although in recent decades tourism has been flagged as an activity that has some potential to assist settlements that are in danger of decline. However, for a strategy based on tourism to succeed in the long term, the communities living in these settlements must be able to offer attractions capable of generating visitor interest, provide long term employment options for the community and contribute to long term community economic stability. This is not always possible. This chapter examines the potential for tourism to be developed as an alternative industry sector in remote settlements that are either facing decline or wish to find an alternative economic base. Following a brief review of the issues that face remote settlements this chapter outlines a management model that uses an action pathway approach to identify alternative or replacement exportable resources. Three settlements, two Australian and one Canadian, are examined to identify how communities have reacted to decline and what factors are likely to produce positive outcomes. The Australian settlements are former railway towns that have attempted to utilise a perceived comparative advantage based on rail heritage to develop a competitive tourism experience. One has been successful and established a sustainable replacement economic sector based on tourism; the other was unsuccessful and entered a long period of decline. The Canadian case study investigates how a former Canadian Klondike gold rush town has been able to capitalise on its mining heritage to build a sustainable tourism sector. In these case studies, a triple bottom line approach is used to define sustainability including: fostering the long term protection of the resources used by the tourism sector; building a profitable business sector and; enhancing community cohesiveness and supporting its long term survival.

This paper examines the links between emergency management and land use planning in four remote Indigenous communities in tropical northern Australia and the extent to which such linkages produced better disaster resilience in these communities. The case study communities were chosen because they are in locations likely to experience increased frequency and/or intensity of extreme weather events, both slow (sea level rise, drought) and rapid onset (storm surges, cyclones, floods) as a consequence of climate change. We compared land use planning legislation, state level planning policies, statutory planning schemes, property registration systems and emergency management systems. We found a clear disjuncture between understanding the likely impacts of climate change and the collection of emergency management data and the consideration of hazards and risks in land use planning systems. We conclude that the land use planning systems in tropical northern Australia are still geared toward promoting and facilitating development and have not evolved sufficiently to take account of climate change impacts, including sea level rise. This disjuncture is particularly evident in the context of remote Indigenous communities in Australia and reforms to land use planning systems are urgently required to address this disjuncture.

This paper examines the links between emergency management and land use planning in four remote Indigenous communities in tropical northern Australia and the extent to which such linkages produced better disaster resilience in these communities. The case study communities were chosen because they are in locations likely to experience increased frequency and/or intensity of extreme weather events, both slow (sea level rise, drought) and rapid onset (storm surges, cyclones, floods) as a consequence of climate change. We compared land use planning legislation, state level planning policies, statutory planning schemes, property registration systems and emergency management systems. We found a clear disjuncture between understanding the likely impacts of climate change and the collection of emergency management data and the consideration of hazards and risks in land use planning systems. We conclude that the land use planning systems in tropical northern Australia are still geared toward promoting and facilitating development and have not evolved sufficiently to take account of climate change impacts, including sea level rise. This disjuncture is particularly evident in the context of remote Indigenous communities in Australia and reforms to land use planning systems are urgently required to address this disjuncture. ; Copyright Information: Copyright the authors

This paper examines how two Australian land use planning systems address the creation of hazard resilient communities in tropical areas. The application of substantive hazard knowledge and how this influences the associated procedures within the planning system is examined. The case studies of Darwin the capital of the Northern Territory, and the beachside suburb of Machans Beach within the Cairns Regional Council in far north Queensland is investigated. Both case study locations have experienced tropical cyclones since settlement and despite their hazard prone locations, both have intensified over their 120 year existence. Moreover it is predicted that cyclones in tropical Australia will decrease in number but increase in intensity (CSIRO 2004). It would be rational to assume that industry, community and government would actively pursue planning strategies to negate the risk of natural hazards and the corresponding level of vulnerability to a hazard event. However, neither communities nor planning are driven by rational technical decision making processes. The paper concludes that the rhetoric for creating hazard resilient communities dominates national and state government policy, however this has minimal influence upon the legal framework that protects development rights. It would appear that the safe development paradox (Burby 2006 and Stevens et al 2010), is present in the Australian land use planning system, and that the focus of planning is on creating certainty of development rights and achieving efficiencies through urban settlement patterns, as opposed to creating hazard resilient communities.

This paper examines how two Australian land use planning systems address the creation of hazard resilient communities in tropical areas. The application of substantive hazard knowledge and how this influences the associated procedures within the planning system is examined. The case studies of Darwin the capital of the Northern Territory, and the beachside suburb of Machans Beach within the Cairns Regional Council in far north Queensland are investigated. Both case study locations have experienced tropical cyclones since settlement and despite their hazard prone locations, both have intensified over their 120 year existence. Moreover, it is predicted that cyclones in tropical Australia will decrease in number, but increase in intensity. It would be rational to assume that industry, community and government would actively pursue planning strategies to negate the risks of natural hazards and the corresponding level of vulnerability to a hazard event. However, neither communities nor planning are driven by rational technical decision making processes. The paper concludes that the rhetoric for creating hazard resilient communities dominates national and state government policy, however this has minimal influence upon the legal framework that protects development rights. It would appear that the safe development paradox is present in the Australian land use planning system, and that the focus of planning is on creating certainty of development rights and achieving efficiencies through urban settlement patterns, as opposed to creating hazard resilient communities.

Leading from the North aims to improve public dialogue around the future of Northern Australia to underpin robust and flexible planning and policy frameworks. A number of areas are addressed including social infrastructure, governance systems, economic, business and regional development, climate and its implications, the roles and trends in demography and migration in the region. This book not only speaks to the issues of development in Northern Australia but also other regional areas, and examines opportunities for growth with changing economies and technologies. The authors of this book consist of leading researchers, academics and experts from Charles Darwin University, The Australian National University, James Cook University, the Australian Institute of Marine Science and many other collaborative partners. Many of the authors have first-hand experience of living and working in Northern Australia. They understand the real issues and challenges faced by people living in Northern Australia and other similar regional areas. Backed by their expertise and experience, the authors present their discussions and findings from a local perspective.

Section 1. Rethinking regional development and social infrastructure in Northern Australia / Sharon Harwood. 1. Place-based land use planning and development in Northern Australia: Cape York Peninsula, Queensland / Sharon Harwood and Benjamin Christie-Johnston ; 2. Place-based agricultural development: a new way of thinking about an old idea in Northern Australia / Jim Turnour, Kate Andrews, Allan P. Dale, Connar McShane, Michelle Thompson and Bruce Prideaux -- 3. Investing in the future: human and social service development in Northern Australia / Hurriyet Babacan and Narayan Gopalkrishnan -- 4. Underpinning development: health and health workforce in Northern Australia / Scott R. Davis, Felicity Croker and Alexandra Edelman -- Section 2. Economic and business development in the North / Rolf Gerritsen. 5. Pulse and pause: researching the economic future of northern and remote Australia / Rolf Gerritsen ; 6. Issues in the future directions of tourism in Northern Australia / Bruce Prideaux, Benxiang Zeng and Sharon Harwood ; 7. Economic equity and major development / Natalie Stoeckl ; 8. Other views of Northern Australian aspirations: pre-notions, ideologies and remoteness / Judith Lovell and Don Zoellner ; 9. National data: reflecting Northern Australian aspirations? / Don Zoellner and Judith Lovell -- Section 3. Demographic trends and migration: key issues facing further development in Northern Australia / Bruce Prideaux. 10. The demography of developing Northern Australia / Andrew Taylor and Pawinee Yuhun ; 11. Attracting and retaining international migrants: a key issue in developing Northern Australia / Linda Rosenman, Kate Golebiowska, Andrew Taylor, Petra T. Buergelt, Hannah Payer, Huw Brokensha, Jan Salmon, Alicia Boyle, Kerstin K. Zander and Pawinee Yuhun -- Section 4. Water, land and energy in the North / Tom D. Brewer. 12. A case-based discussion on the disjuncture between local values and federal, state and territory development policy in Northern Australia / Tom D. Brewer, Sharon Harwood, Ainsley Archer, David Williams and Allan P. Dale ; 13. Land tenure and development in Northern Australia / Allan P. Dale, Bruce Taylor and Marcus B. Lane ; 14. Governing the community-based natural resource management system in Northern Australia: challenges and opportunities / Allan P. Dale, Gabriel Crowley, Tom D. Brewer, Kate Andrews, Brian Warren, Karen Vella and Ruth Potts ; 15. Comparing roles and rights of indigenous groups in local governance of Trepang Fisheries in Northern Australia and Eastern Indonesia / Dirk J. Steenbergen, Gemma Wickens and Jackie Gould ; 16. Dry thinking, wet places: conceptualising fluid states / Paul Carter -- Section 5. Thriving in northern climates / Linda Rosenman. 17. Timing and climate: rainfall variability in Northern Australia / Chris O'Brien, Sara Beavis, Andrew Campbell and Tom Griffiths ; 18. Killing two birds with one stone: developing Northern Australian adaptive capabilities to sustainably develop competent and thriving communities capable of responding effectively to natural hazards / Petra T. Buergelt, Douglas Paton, Andrew Campbell, Helen James and Alison Cottrell ; 19. Perceptions about climate change impacts and adaptation: case studies from indigenous communities in Northern and Central Australia / Kerstin K. Zander, Yiheyis T. Maru, Digby Race, Supriya Mathew and John Rainbird ; 20. Design for liveability in tropical Australia / Lisa Law, Shokhida Safarova, Andrew Campbell and Edward Halawa -- Section 6. Governance systems in Northern Australia / Allan P. Dale. 21. New pathways for the governance of northern development / Allan P. Dale, Andrew Campbell, Michael Douglas, Alistar Robertson, Ruth Wallace and Peter Davies ; 22. Collaborative research into contemporary Indigenous governance / Linda Ford, Michael Christie, Catherine Bow, Tanyah Nasir, Michaela Spencer, Matt Campbell, Helen Verran and John Prior ; 23. Local knowledge and the challenge of regional governance / Paul Carter ; 24. Revisiting governance systems analysis in Northern Australia: exploring critical systems thinking as a framework for engaging with multiplicity and incommensurability / Anne Stephens, Elspeth Oppermann and Allan P. Dale ; 25. Building regional research capacity: The Northern Research Futures Collaborative Research Network / Lawrence Cram.