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Immediately after the Allied WW2 victory in Europe, claims were made by the Soviet Union over the eastern regions of Turkey, to secure direct control over the Bosporus, Dardanelles, and Turkish Straits. The detailed study of the international components of these events, featuring the veiled complexities of Stalin⁰́₉s anti-Turkish diplomacy, provides a key to understanding crucial aspects of these Soviet territorial claims. Iranian Azerbaijan became another hotspot of post-war confrontation between the western Allies and the USSR: Soviet policy towards Iran manifested in the desire to access their oil resources. A further direction emerging within Soviet post-war strategy was the Kurdish issue in the Near and Middle East. At the conjunction of Turkish and Iranian events, Soviet secret service bodies and diplomatic institutions exploited their strengths and toyed with Kurdish minorities in the region. Their decisions placed the bordering regions of China, Turkey, and Iran squarely in the shadowy reaches of Moscow⁰́₉s policy. This research uses newly discovered archive material to illustrate the underlying intrigue behind Soviet ambition and intimately tracks how the Soviet Union was defeated in the first Cold War confrontation over its southern borders. It also links events of this period with the critical issue of Uyghur assimilation, and further contemporary developments highlighting Putin⁰́₉s policies, making it invaluable for both academic and general readers.

Immediately after the Allied WW2 victory in Europe, claims were made by the Soviet Union over the eastern regions of Turkey, to secure direct control over the Bosporus, Dardanelles, and Turkish Straits. The detailed study of the international components of these events, featuring the veiled complexities of Stalin⁰́₉s anti-Turkish diplomacy, provides a key to understanding crucial aspects of these Soviet territorial claims. Iranian Azerbaijan became another hotspot of post-war confrontation between the western Allies and the USSR: Soviet policy towards Iran manifested in the desire to access their oil resources. A further direction emerging within Soviet post-war strategy was the Kurdish issue in the Near and Middle East. At the conjunction of Turkish and Iranian events, Soviet secret service bodies and diplomatic institutions exploited their strengths and toyed with Kurdish minorities in the region. Their decisions placed the bordering regions of China, Turkey, and Iran squarely in the shadowy reaches of Moscow⁰́₉s policy. This research uses newly discovered archive material to illustrate the underlying intrigue behind Soviet ambition and intimately tracks how the Soviet Union was defeated in the first Cold War confrontation over its southern borders. It also links events of this period with the critical issue of Uyghur assimilation, and further contemporary developments highlighting Putin⁰́₉s policies, making it invaluable for both academic and general readers.

Ali Mardan bey Topchibashov was a prominent politician, who played a crucial role in the history of Azerbaijan. One of the most striking personalities in the history of Azerbaijan, the founder of liberal ideas, and the first President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, he led the Muslim faction in the first Russian Duma and the Union of Muslims of Russia and was a central figure of the Caucasian aemigraes in Europe. This book analyses and presents the life of the first independent Azerbaijani political leaders. Based on extensive research from archives in Azerbaijan, France, Georgia, Russia (Moscow and Kazan) and the UK, some of which are newly accessible, it traces the political personality of Topchibashov as one of the largest Muslim leaders and founder of the Azerbaijan Republic. At the same time, it offers insights into the history of the formation and creation of the national consciousness of the Russian Muslims and tracks the challenges in the national and religious policy of the Imperial administration of the Soviet Union. The author sheds light on the significant problems of the Russian Empire (nationalities specifically) and global movements such as the post-World War I settlement and the difficulties of the many non-Russian groups that declared independence after the Bolshevik rise of power. Filling a lacuna in modern Azerbaijan history, this book will be of interest to academics working on Russian, Soviet, South Caucasus and Central Asian History, in particular Russian Empire, Muslim nations, and nationalism in Central Asia and the Caucasus.

"World War I and the fall of Tsarist Russia brought brief independence to Azerbaijan, but by 1920 the Bolshevik revolution pushed south with the twofold purpose of accessing the oil-rich fields near Baku on the Caspian Sea and spreading communism into the Caucasus. Azerbaijan, the richest and earliest significant source of oil in the world, was the first republic in the South Caucasus occupied by the Red Army, which then advanced into neighboring Armenia and Georgia. Pulling from confidential, newly accessed archives, Hasanli describes Soviet Russia's aggressive policy toward the three South Caucasian nations, which led to their absorption into the USSR by the end of 1922. The book highlights the Caucasian peoples' struggle to retain political independence against Soviet Russia and an international cast that included European powers wanting to retain petroleum concessions; Kemalist Turkey, which claimed special ties to the Turkic Azeris; and Iran, which controlled South Azerbaijan and was thus a possible route of expansion eastward for Bolshevik movement. The author also considers the impact on Azerbaijani-Armenian relations of the first two years of sovietization and explains how Azerbaijan provided space for Bolshevik experiments. Throughout his book, Hasanli illuminates the tragedy of the complex, confused period of sovietization of the South Caucasus"--Provided by publisher.

This book presents Western and Soviet policies on Turkey from the end of the Second World War until Stalin's death in 1953. It explains how Turkey became the first regional testing ground for the Soviet-Western confrontation, which emerged after the Second World War and came to be known as the Cold War.

The author analyzes the events that took place 100 years ago on the Caucasian Front of World War I. He points out that the attempts of the great powers, the Russian Empire in particular, to use the Armenians against the Ottoman Empire created a seat of tension that remains prominent for over a century now. He relies on the documents of the Russian State Archives of Military History, many of which are being put into academic circulation for the first time.

The author traces the political processes unfolding on the southern coast of the Caspian during the first years of Sovietization of Azerbaijan. He draws on a wide range of historical sources and earlier inaccessible archival documents to analyze, for the first time, the Bolsheviks' policy in the Gilan Province of Persia in 1920-1921. The Gilan adventure of the Bolsheviks and the history of the so-called Iranian Soviet Republic were two links in a much longer chain of conflicts triggered by the Bolshevization of the Southern Caucasus and Soviet expansion in the Middle East on the whole. This is a history of the dramatic collisions Soviet Russia imposed on Azerbaijan.

The author presents the wide panorama of political intrigues around Nagorno-Karabakh which began in the early 1920s when the Bolsheviks occupied the Transcaucasus and slowed down when an autonomous republic was established in the mountainous part of the contested area. The Caucasian Bureau of the C.C. R.C.P. (B.) set up in April 1920 repeatedly returned to the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. A vast range of hitherto unpublished historical sources and the author's analysis of the course of events prove that under the Musavat government (1918-1920), the entire territory of Karabakh belonged to Azerbaijan. It was in April 1920, when the Bolsheviks came to power in the Transcaucasus, that it became a target of unjustified Armenian claims. Soviet Russia was actively involved in what was going on in Nagorno-Karabakh between 1920 and 1923 when the autonomous republic was set up.

The author takes a look at the ethnic and political processes that unfolded in Karabakh from the early 19th century to the early 1920s. Prof. Hasanli relies on a vast body of historical sources to analyze the events and demonstrate that in 1920 Soviet power transformed Karabakh, one of the Muslim khanates of Azerbaijan, into a target of Armenian territorial claims. The recent discussions organized by the Russian Regnum Information Agency show that in recent years everything related to the Karabakh issue has been falsified. This adds special historical and political importance to what is examined below.

The author covers a wide range of issues related to the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and its struggle for the right to become part of the world community. The article is an extremely detailed account of the contradictory processes that unfolded across the Central Caucasus in 1917-1920; the highly complicated developments in Azerbaijan in the spring and summer of 1918; and the clash of the Great Powers over Baku at the concluding stage of World War I. The author analyzes the position of the Azeri delegation at the Paris Peace Conference and the first attempts of the young republic to integrate into the free world. Dr. Hasanli relies on newly discovered archival documents to demonstrate that the Supreme Council at Versailles recognized de facto the Central Caucasian republics and to describe the Western countries' futile attempts to stem the Bolshevik occupation of the Caucasus.

The author traces the ups and downs of Soviet-Turkish relations during World War II and immediately after it and concentrates on the most important points along this far from easy road. He amply draws on declassified archive documents from the United States, Russia, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, and Azerbaijan to recreate a true picture of the time when the Turkish crisis was developing into another seat of the Cold War while the leaders of the Armenian and Georgian Soviet republics acted as obedient tools of and far from passive participants in Stalin's intrigues as he moved the war of nerves from the Middle East to the Southern Caucasus. The article convincingly demonstrates how Soviet political technologists distorted the picture of a friendly and peaceful country into the image of an enemy in the minds of millions of Soviet citizens.