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This paper examines the impact of the political party structure on the incentives for politicians to focus on patronage versus service delivery improvements in Pakistan. By analysing inter-provincial variations in the quality of service delivery in Pakistan, the paper argues that the more fragmented, factionalised, and polarised the party systems, the greater are the incentives for patronage, weakening service delivery improvements. Fragmentation and factionalism both exacerbate the information problems that voters have in assigning credit (blame) for service delivery improvements (deterioration), thereby creating the incentives for politicians to focus on targeted benefits. Polarisation, particularly ethnic polarisation, reduces the ability of groups to agree on the provision of public goods, again causing politicians to favour the delivery of targeted benefits.

This paper evaluates Muhammadiyah's effort to revitalise the doctrine of Siyar since the publication of Negara Pancasila sebagai Dār al-'Ahd wa al-Shahādah (the state of Pancasila as the abode of covenant and the space of testimony). It finds that the ideas in the publication aim to provide guidance for Muhammadiyah members on the relationship between the state and Muhammadiyah. It ensures that its members will understand that Indonesia is Dār al-'Ahd wa al-Shahādah. It seeks to defend itself against Islamist criticism, while also affirming its responsibility for state development. This paper argues that the idea is a product of Muhammadiyah's contemporary ijtihad, an effort in theologising democracy based on the idea of Islam Berkemajuan (Islam with progress), in order to strengthen the social bonds of its members who are facing the challenging reality of the massive spread of Islamism and the associated social, political and economic problems.

The pandemic of COVID19 has disrupted every aspect of life. From groceries to medicines, travel to events, sports to funerals, economics to politics and religion to social rights all domains of life have been shaken up by this infectious virus. The impact is deep and will have a lasting effect. The situation is severe in some countries and it is too soon to estimate the exact impact of COVID19 on the global economy. This is a review article examining different facets of the pandemic to understand the impact on the economy. This is a review article examining different facets of the pandemic to understand the impact on the economy. is crisis on the financial markets, banking, hospitality, and health care sectors. The data comes from various reports published by the various organizations and institutions worldwide and the recent limited research literature available on this topic. The bitter truth is that the pandemic will have a substantial and extended negative impact on the global economy, especially on the financial and hospitality industry .

This paper elaborates the discourse of the development of Ummah from various contemporary literatures that had been produced by Muslim and non-Muslim scholars and intellectuals, ranging from Muslim and Western countries. With the progressive perspective of multiple modernities and intercivilisational approach, this paper argues that the concept of Ummah should be interpreted as a modern concept of inclusive cosmopolitan-humanitarian solidarity that emphasise values of liberalism, pluralism, democracy, human rights and sustainable development. This concept has been also strengthened by a sociological representation of the tradition of Islam Nusantara. Its relative historical continuity in the process of the development of the micro sociological dimension of tradition, it explains that this concept of Ummah is not rootless. Consequently, it can be understood that its applicability is relatively possible.

This paper evaluates the larger pattern of American interest in the Arab Gulf. It questions whether the pattern is based on ideological or economic interest. It also critically examines various data and interprets following their (data) social, economic and political interlinks and special topics that have been significantly proposed in the state policy. This paper argues that the US foreign policy represents two larger directions of its interest: economy and ideology. Both have linked together and interrelatedly have determined and have been determined by strategic culture of the states in the region and its complexities covering all national, interstate, regional, broader regional (Middle East) and global levels. This paper also arguably states that there is no single interest that can be oversimplified, but it has remained highly dynamic or has demonstrated multiple complexities of the interest in which they are represented by issues of oil, war on terrorism, nuclear weapon and Israel.

Artikel ini mengkaji konsep Dar al-'Ahd wa al-Shahadah (negara perjanjian dan persaksian) yang diajukan oleh Muhammadiyah. Konsep ini penting dikaji, karena merupakan konsep elaborasi antara doktrin Siyar – hukum perang dan hubungan internasional dalam tradisi Islam – dan Pancasila yang bertujuan: memberikan pedoman bagi para aktivis Muhammadiyah mengenai hubungan negara dan organisasi, sebagai fondasi pertahanan ideologis, sebagai alat harmonisasi politik, dan manifestasi intelektual dan politik yang menekankan pentingnya nasionalisme. Artikel ini secara argumentatif menyatakan bahwa melalui konsep tersebut, Muhammadiyah berupaya meredam laju gerakan Islamisme (termasuk populisme Islamis sebagai akibat dari faktor merebaknya Islamisme) di Indonesia. Secara implementatif, Muhammadiyah harus menghadapi pelbagai tantangan seperti konservatisme di lingkungan internal Muhammadiyah, infiltrasi ideologis (khususnya Islamisme) sehingga menyebabkan pemisahan diri dan pengerasan sikap keberagamaan, dan adanya kontestasi politik praktis musiman yang melibatkan pelbagai instrumentalisasi agama untuk kepentingan politik kekuasaan (populisme Islamis).

contemporary literatures that had been produced by Muslim and non-Muslim scholars and intellectuals, ranging from Muslim and Western countries. With the progressive perspective of multiple modernities and intercivilisational approach, this paper argues that the concept of Ummah should be interpreted as a modern concept of inclusive cosmopolitan-humanitarian solidarity that emphasise values of liberalism, pluralism, democracy, human rights and sustainable development. This concept has been also strengthened by a sociological representation of the tradition of Islam Nusantara. Its relative historical continuity in the process of the development of the micro sociological dimension of tradition, it explains that this concept of Ummah is not rootless. Consequently, it can be understood that its applicability is relatively possible . Paper ini ingin mengelaborasi wacana pembangunan konsep Ummah yang digali dari pelbagai literatur kontemporer, baik yang berasal dari para sarjana dan intelektual Muslim maupun non-Muslim, baik itu yang berasal dari negara-negara Muslim maupun Barat. Melalui perspektif multiple modernities dan pendekatan lintas-peradaban, paper ini berargumentasi bahwa konsepUmmah sangat perlu kiranya ditafsirkan dan dipahami sebagai konsep modernmengenai solidaritas kemanusiaan yang inklusif dan kosmopolitan. Konsep inimenekankan pentingnya nilai-nilai seperti liberalisme, pluralisme, demokrasi,hak asasi manusia dan pembangunan yang berkelanjutan. Adanya tawaranmengenai konsep ini, didukung oleh representasi sosiologis dari praktik IslamNusantara. Praktik Islam Nusantara tersebut, menunjukkan adanya kontinuitashistoris dalam proses pembangunan tradisi, yang berlaku di dalam dimensisosiologis yang bersifat mikro. Hal ini tentu saja juga menunjukkan bahwakonsep Ummah ini bukanlah hal yang tak berakar dalam realitas kehidupanMuslim. Dengan demikian dapat dimengerti bahwa, penerapan konsep Ummahini sangatlah memungkinkan.