The paper shows and displays an overview about water sector privatization idea, problem, factors, effects and case studies over actual experiences , some literatures and articles from some authors were discussed and displayed with some personal different ways. Focusing on solving this issue between the stakeholders around this problem as Government, Public/ Private sectors and consumers.
Objective: This study aims at exploring the correlation between coping strategies and thinking styles. Methods: The study sample consisted of 62 students (30 females and 32 males) from the Medical Science College in Hodeidah University, Yemen. They responded to the Scale of Coping styles and Inventory of Thinking styles quetionnaire. Results: Active coping strategy was affected significantly by legislative, local and hierarchical thinking styles, while avoidance strategy was affected significantly by oligarchic thinking styles, behavioral conducts by judicial, global and anarchic thinking styles. Significant gender differences were found in behavioral conducts (from coping strategies), anarchic and internal thinking styles with advantage with females. Conclusion: Coping strategies are not independent of thinking styles. These results offer justification and support for future research in larger samples. Potential implications of the impact of thinking styles on coping strategies are also considered. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 15 (1): January – June 2014: 14-22.
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the news-based economic policy uncertainty (EPU), research and development (R&D) expenditures per capita and innovation outputs.Design/methodology/approachData from 1996 to 2015 for 19 countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) are used. The authors apply country and year fixed-effects models for the estimations.FindingsThe study findings show that higher levels of EPU are positively associated with higher R&D expenditures per capita as well as innovation outputs (patent applications, patent grants and trademark applications).Practical implicationsThis study deepens our understanding on the policy uncertainty–economic activities nexus and expands the literature on uncertainty, which is still at an initial phase of development, leading to generate a variety of open research questions for further investigation and study (Bloom, 2014).Originality/valueThere has not been an empirical investigation on the links between EPU and R&D expenditures and innovation outputs across several countries. The authors address this gap in the literature.
Iran is one of the few countries that has instituted shariah-compliant banking nationwide and does not have a conventional banking sector. However, since the Riba-Free Banking Act (RFBA) was passed and put into practice in 1983, the Iranian Islamic banking system has experienced some significant challenges and shortcomings. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the various impediments facing the Iranian Islamic banking industry and to suggest a prioritized listing of these challenges. To achieve this goal, a three-round Delphi study (a method designed to aid consensus building) is used to determine the major challenges and rank them based on relative importance. The research panel consulted consists of 32 Iranian Islamic banking experts with in-depth knowledge and experience. The results show that the top five challenges to the Islamic banking system in Iran are (1) the governmental attitude towards Islamic banking; (2) lack of competition; (3) not revising the law (RFBA); (4) lack of shariah supervision; and (5) lack of accounting and auditing standards. This paper contributes to the literature addressing Islamic banking by critically analysing the more than three decades of Iranian experience in implementing shariah-compliant banking.
SummaryThis paper investigates the effect of control of corruption on the consumption of luxury goods, after controlling other relevant determinants of luxury spending. The model is empirically tested for 32 developed and emerging economies between 2004 and 2014. Using panel fixed effects, difference generalized method of moments (GMM) and instrumental variable estimation methods, and two measures of the control of corruption (Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index and the World Bank's Control of Corruption Index), the results show that higher levels of control of corruption decrease luxury spending. This relationship is stronger in countries with higher levels of press freedom and information transparency. These findings offer some important implications. Governments and policymakers may develop and implement regulations that increase transparency in luxury gifting and limit corruption practices. Luxury brand companies should further enhance their due diligence obligations to minimise reputational risks in the long term.
In this study, we look at the association between COVID-19 fatality rate and internal conflict, highlighting the importance of government economic support under the pandemic as a moderating factor. Our main hypothesis implies that increased COVID-19 fatality rates are likely to be positively associated with internal conflict in countries with lower levels of government economic support. Our empirical analysis confirms this prediction: employing cross-country data for more than 100 countries, the estimation results demonstrate that the positive effect of COVID-19 fatality rates on internal conflict may become insignificant with higher levels of government economic support. In countries where government spending in response to the pandemic is less than 5 to 6% of GDP, there is a significant risk of internal conflict resulting from increased COVID-19 fatality rates. Our main findings hold when we control for the effects of other socio-economic determinants relating to pre-pandemic internal political stability and alternative measures of conflict.
Abstract We examine the relationship between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and patterns of two major household financial assets. Using data from a set of OECD countries from 1995 to 2016 and applying cointegrating regressions, we find evidence that escalations in EPU shift households' portfolios away from shares and towards currency and deposits. Our results have important implications for macroeconomic policymakers and corporate finance managers. JEL Classifications: G11, D81 Policy Uncertainty; Household Financial Assets; FMOLS
The increasing divorce rate has become a major social concern for policy makers in the Islamic government of Iran. The price of gold coin is an important factor in cost-benefit analysis for individuals in their marriage and divorce decisions in Iran. Dowries (Mehrieh) are usually in the form of gold coin and a wife has a legal right to them upon both parties signing the marriage contract. Increasing the price of gold coin may intensify the internal stress and struggles within families, leading to a higher probability of divorce. We investigate the long-run relationship between real price of gold coin and divorce rate for the case of Iran over the period 1980-2014. Controlling for other factors, our regression results show that there is a positive and significant long-run relationship between real price of gold coin (as well as unanticipated changes in real price of gold coin) and marital instability.
In recent years, real estate has become a very popular investment choice for Iranian investors due to several interrelated economic and political reasons. The purpose of this study is to find out how real estate investors can gain diversification benefits from investing within the real estate sector across provinces of Iran. We use semi-annual data from selected provinces of Iran over the period of 1993–2014 and apply univariate Lagrange multiplier unit root tests with one and two structural breaks to the ratio of the provincial to national house and residential land prices respectively. We find diversification benefit can be gained by investing in housing markets across provinces because house prices in half of the sample provinces tend to drift away from house prices in the rest of the country. In addition, our results show that it is difficult to create an adequately diversified portfolio in a residential land market because shocks to the residential land prices of provinces ripple out across the nation. These findings should be valuable to domestic and foreign investors who are interested in the Iranian real estate sector, especially after the lifting of several international economic sanctions. First published online:29 Sep 2017
