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The young and vibrant 243-year-old U.S. has long claimed its status as a world power. As stated by the U.S.'s Congressional Research Service (2019), the U.S. shoulders the responsibility of defending and promoting freedom, democracy, and universal values, which means that America, being an active internationalist global leader, a superpower, and a world policeman, has been maintaining the power of manipulating partially, if not most, the whole world. This attention gains more significance as Donald Trump aims to take center stage once more in the presidential campaign in 2020. The way Americans choose their presidents will affect the world situation in many respects. While it is noticeable that there is an anti-intellectual trend in presidential discourse (Lim, 2008), Trump's presidential linguistic style is highly distinctive in terms of its simplicity, anti-elitism, and collectivism (Oliver & Rahn, 2016). Realizing the importance of Donald Trump's linguistic presidential style, the attention that it drew, and the likelihood that Trump may reuse his approach in the 2020 presidential campaign, this study focuses on the first presidential debate's strategies of Donald Trump in 2016. The analysis of the debate's strategies is influenced by the works of Fairclough (1993), Halliday (1971) and Goffman (1967). The results of the study revealed that Trump combined four strategies of presidential debates, including (1) self-acclamation, (2) describing opposing candidates through the verbal attack, (3) self-rectification or image-enhancement through the defense against opposing candidates' blaming argument, and (4) extra-vocalization. Trump's presidential speech is a source of valuable knowledge that makes use of both typical candidates' traditional strategies with a more business-oriented approach. It is hoped that this study might be a valuable foundation on which researchers can rely to consider Trump's changes in linguistic style when he comes to the upcoming presidential campaigns in 2020.

This study examined the relationship between students' academic satisfaction and approaches to learning. A total of 351 undergraduate students participated in this study. Study requirements and instructor treatment as two constructs of satisfaction predicted surface approach, instructor
treatment and attitudes towards study predicted deep approach, and attitudes towards study predicted achieving approach. In general, academic satisfaction directly affected students' approaches to learning as examined by structural equation analysis, particularly for deep approach.

La presente tesi studia l'opera letteraria di Guareschi per approdare poi alla grande fortuna avuta da lui nel mondo del cinema. Guareschi poté fare una particolare formazione artistica, grazie alle collaborazioni a diverse gazzette, giornali e riviste, fino ad assumere l'incarico di redattore del «Bertoldo». Rientrato dal lager, Guareschi si sentì di nuovo responsabile nei confronti della sua patria, perciò, fondato «Candido», contribuì efficacemente a difendere la libertà personale come via indispensabile per ogni vera "ricostruzione". Egli vide perciò nel Comunismo un male da evitare, perché esso, secondo Guareschi, tendeva a creare dei cervelli che dovevano seguire le sue direttive senza pensare. Inventò poi i personaggi più fortunati della sua opera letteraria, cioè, don Camillo e Peppone, ma anche il Cristo Crocifisso, attraverso i quali voleva ribadire ai suoi lettori che sì, si poteva seguire la propria ideologia, essere diversi, ma senza che quello fosse motivo di disprezzo o violenza contro chi la pensava in modo diverso. Attraverso la sua particolare formazione artistica, poté mettere nei suoi scritti degli elementi particolari che lo fecero approdare con grande successo nel mondo del cinema. Un percorso anche questo che non fu facile per la tendenza dei registi e degli sceneggiatori ad alleggerire la dose di anticomunismo, serietà ed impegno che voleva trasmettere lo scrittore della Bassa. Analizzando infatti i film realizzati dalla saga guareschiana, si scoprono le modifiche, le manomissioni, nonché i tagli che prendevano di mira proprio lo spirito del libro, il che lo faceva rimanere molto male, cercando di difendere le sue creature co ogni mezzo possibile. Lo scrittore infatti non si dava mai per vinto, e faceva il possibile per mantenere lo spirito del suo libro cercando di "censurare" a sua volta le manomissioni soprattutto quelle che potevano distruggerlo o addirittura "squalificarlo" come scrittore e giornalista politico. ; The present thesis studies the literary work of Guareschi to then arrive at the great fortune he had in the world of cinema. Guareschi was able to do a particular artistic training, thanks to collaborations with various newspapers, and magazines. Returning from the concentration camp, Guareschi again felt responsible for his homeland, therefore, founded "Candido", he effectively contributed to defend personal freedom as an indispensable way for every true "reconstruction". He therefore saw in Communism an evil to be avoided, because it, according to Guareschi, tended to create brains that had to follow his directives without thinking. He then invented the most fortunate characters of his literary work, that is, Don Camillo and Peppone, but also the Crucified Christ, through which he wanted to reiterate to his readers that yes, one could follow his own ideology, be different, but without that reason for contempt or violence against those who thought differently. Through his particular artistic training, he was able to put in his writings particular elements that made him arrive with great success in the world of cinema. This was also a path that was not easy due to the tendency of directors and screenwriters to lighten the dose of anticommunism, seriousness and commitment that wanted to transmit. In fact, analyzing the films made by the Guareschian saga, we discover the changes, the tampering, as well as the cuts that targeted the spirit of the book, which made him very badly, trying to defend his creatures with every means possible. The writer in fact never gave up, and did everything possible to maintain the spirit of his book trying to "censure" in turn the tampering especially those that could destroy it or even "disqualify" as a writer and political journalist.

The term style is somehow difficult to define . The difficulty arises from the fact that it is acquiring several interpretations . Such interpretations might refer to abstract notions such as " style of deviations " ; or " style is choice " or a distinct personality (the style of Shakespeare ) ; or to periods ( the baroque style ) and the like ( Galperine , 1977:11).
Carter and Nashe (1990:36) argue that style can be recognized because it stands out in one way or another from a standard . This view simply means style can be seen as deviation . However , such a view cannot be taken for granted since norms are very difficult to standardize . Wales (1990 ) [quoted in Missikova ,2003] in her famous book A Dictionary of Stylistics listed the most common characteristics of style as follows :

Style refers to the manner of expression in writing and speaking .
Style can be seen as variation in language use , whether literary or non-literary . The term register is commonly used for such variations in linguistic features found in non-literary situations ,

such as legal language , advertising , etc.

Style is seen as distinctive of register , genre or period.
Style is defined in terms of choice of items , and their distribution and

patterning .
As deviation from a norm , style is a concept that is used traditionally in literary stylistics , since literary language is more deviant than non-literary language use .
To sum up , Warner (1961:1) ; Garvin (1964:112) go on to state that in spite of the different interpretations of the term style , the simplest interpretation is that is a manner of expressing one's thoughts and feelings in words .

This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between the discretion of street-level bureaucrats and their willingness to implement as well as between discretion and client meaningfulness by testing street-level bureaucrat theory in a different context. The effect of discretion on willingness to implement and client meaningfulness may differ due to perceived supervisory support. Data from 241 bureaucrats (labor inspectors) in the Malaysian Ministry of Human Resources indicated that discretion significantly influences bureaucrats' willingness to implement and client meaningfulness. Critically, the moderating role of perceived supervisory support augmented only the positive impact of discretion on client meaningfulness; for example, this relationship is more significant among bureaucrats who perceive high supervisory support. This study sheds new light on the notable role of supervisory support in ensuring that discretion enhances client meaningfulness and willingness to implement.

Ali Alqahtani,1 Afaf Aldahish,1 V Krishnaraju,1 Mona Alqarni,2 Mohammed Al-Sheikh Hassan3 1Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 2Medical Services Company by AbbVie Biopharmaceutical, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UKCorrespondence: Mohammed Al-Sheikh HassanFaculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UKEmail P17236771@my365.dmu.ac.ukBackground: A novel coronavirus was identified at the end of 2019 in Wuhan City, China. Later, it was named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and declared a pandemic in March 2020. Saudi and global health agencies have provided various COVID-19 knowledge tools and facts to the general public. Therefore, this study aims to assess COVID-19 knowledge among the general public in Saudi Arabia at the early stages of the pandemic.Participants and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2020 in Saudi Arabia. The study included 1006 participants who responded to a random online COVID-19 public knowledge questionnaire that included five sections: demographic characteristics, general knowledge, prevention practices, home quarantine measures, and knowledge of governmental restrictions. Three levels of knowledge were established: excellent, intermediate, and poor. Differences in the percentages of participants with different knowledge levels by the demographic variables were analyzed using the chi-square test.Results: Regarding overall general knowledge of COVID-19, 75%, 24%, and 1% of the participants had excellent, intermediate, and poor knowledge levels, respectively. Knowledge levels were significantly different by nationality and age (P=0.027 and 0.008, respectively). Most participants (98.4%) reported excellent knowledge of prevention practices, with no statistically significant differences among groups (P> 0.005). Older age groups reported higher knowledge of home quarantine measures (86.6% and 86.4% of the 51– 60 and older than 60 age groups, respectively, P=0.001).Conclusion and Recommendations: High levels of knowledge about the virus, including prevention practices, are essential. The provision of COVID-19 facts and knowledge tools should be focused on younger generations to enhance compliance with the governmental restrictions required to stop the spread of COVID-19.Keywords: coronavirus, COVID-19, knowledge, prevention, quarantine, pandemic, Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND: A novel coronavirus was identified at the end of 2019 in Wuhan City, China. Later, it was named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and declared a pandemic in March 2020. Saudi and global health agencies have provided various COVID-19 knowledge tools and facts to the general public. Therefore, this study aims to assess COVID-19 knowledge among the general public in Saudi Arabia at the early stages of the pandemic. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2020 in Saudi Arabia. The study included 1006 participants who responded to a random online COVID-19 public knowledge questionnaire that included five sections: demographic characteristics, general knowledge, prevention practices, home quarantine measures, and knowledge of governmental restrictions. Three levels of knowledge were established: excellent, intermediate, and poor. Differences in the percentages of participants with different knowledge levels by the demographic variables were analyzed using the chi-square test. RESULTS: Regarding overall general knowledge of COVID-19, 75%, 24%, and 1% of the participants had excellent, intermediate, and poor knowledge levels, respectively. Knowledge levels were significantly different by nationality and age (P=0.027 and 0.008, respectively). Most participants (98.4%) reported excellent knowledge of prevention practices, with no statistically significant differences among groups (P>0.005). Older age groups reported higher knowledge of home quarantine measures (86.6% and 86.4% of the 51–60 and older than 60 age groups, respectively, P=0.001). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: High levels of knowledge about the virus, including prevention practices, are essential. The provision of COVID-19 facts and knowledge tools should be focused on younger generations to enhance compliance with the governmental restrictions required to stop the spread of COVID-19.

Objective: To assess aerobic fitness in male and female adolescents using the multistage 20-metre shuttle run test and correlate it with selected fitness variables. Method: The subjects comprised 83 girls and 64 boys aged 15-16 years, randomly selected from two segregated government schools in Muscat. After the pupils filled in a short questionnaire on their personal leisure time activities of the preceding week, their heights and weights were measured. Aerobic fitness was assessed by estimating each pupil's minimal oxygen uptake levels (VO2max) using the multistage 20-metre shuttle running test (20-MST). Results: Boys spent more time than girls on leisure physical activities, television, computer and video games and the Internet. The estimated VO2max in both boys and girls showed high correlation with their weekly physical activities. The time spent on television and computer negatively correlated with VO2max in girls but not in boys. Girls had higher body mass index (BMI) and less VO2max compared to boys; BMI showed a negative correlation with VO2max in girls but not in boys. Conclusion: Aerobic fitness in this sample was higher in boys than in girls and was strongly influenced by weekly physical activities in both genders. The 20-MST has proved a simple and inexpensive field test for aerobic fitness that could be implemented on a wide scale. Key words: shuttle run test, aerobic fitness, leisure time activities, VO2max, adolescent, Oman