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INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity are thought to be mainly caused by an energy-rich diet and a sedentary lifestyle. The opinions of those with and without obesity about an individual´s and stakeholder´s responsibility for overweight and obesity as well as a healthy diet is rather unclear. Therefore, a survey was conducted to assess the thoughts of persons with and without obesity about the responsibilities for a high body weight and healthy diet. METHODS: This telephone-based survey was conducted in Germany. Landline and mobile phone users older than 17 years were quota sampled to represent the German population (n=1,003). Additionally, 354 adults with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m(2) were included in the survey population. Questions on weight management, eating and drinking and anthropometry were asked. Furthermore, the opinions of participants on the responsibility of individuals and stakeholders for obesity and a healthy diet were collected. Data was statistically weighted by age, gender, education, domicile, and BMI. RESULTS: Data of 1,357 persons (51.1% female, age: 50.5 ± 18.5 years, 15.9% with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) were analyzed. Participants responded that the general causes of a high body weight were low physical activity (82.7%) and excessive caloric intake (80.5%) followed by a lack of will power (72.1%). Almost 90% of the survey population reported that each individual is responsible for his/her own healthy diet. More than 85% of the survey population agreed that a healthy diet in kindergarten and nutrition education at schools should be the preferred approaches when politics take care of a person´s healthy diet. Sub-analyses revealed that BMI, sex, age, and education are potential confounders. CONCLUSION: This German survey showed that the majority of participants indicated that the responsibility for a healthy diet lies with the individual and high body weight is caused by self-controlled attitudes. These results suggest that the survey population underestimates societal and environmental ...

BACKGROUND: Regular consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) can increase the risk for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and dental caries. Interventions that alter the physical or social environment in which individuals make beverage choices have been proposed to reduce the consumption of SSB. METHODS: We included randomised controlled, non-randomised controlled, and interrupted time series studies on environmental interventions, with or without behavioural co-interventions, implemented in real-world settings, lasting at least 12 weeks, and including at least 40 individuals. Studies on the taxation of SSB were not included, as these are subject of a separate Cochrane review. We used standard Cochrane methods for data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and evidence grading and synthesis. Searches were updated to January 24, 2018. RESULTS: We identified 14,488 unique records and assessed 1,030 full texts for eligibility. We included 58 studies comprising a total of 1,180,096 participants and a median length of follow-up of 10 months. We found moderate-certainty evidence for consistent associations with decreases in SSB consumption or sales for the following interventions: traffic light labelling, price increases on SSB, in-store promotion of healthier beverages in supermarkets, government food benefit programs with incentives for purchasing fruits and vegetables and restrictions on SSB purchases, multi-component community campaigns focused on SSB, and interventions improving the availability of low-calorie beverages in the home environment. For the remaining interventions we found low- to very-low-certainty evidence for associations showing varying degrees of consistency. CONCLUSIONS: With observed benefits outweighing observed harms, we suggest that environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of SSB be considered as part of a wider set of measures to improve population-level nutrition. Implementation should be accompanied by evaluations using appropriate methods. Future studies ...

Context: Interventions targeting maternal obesity are a healthcare and public health priority. Objective: The objective of this review was to evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of the methodological designs implemented in dietary intervention trials for obesity in pregnancy. Data Sources: A systematic review of the literature, consistent with PRISMA guidelines, was performed as part of the International Weight Management in Pregnancy collaboration. Study Selection: Thirteen randomized controlled trials, which aimed to modify diet and physical activity in overweight and obese pregnant women, were identified. Data Synthesis: There was significant variability in the content, delivery, and dietary assessment methods of the dietary interventions examined. A number of studies demonstrated improved dietary behavior in response to diet and/or lifestyle interventions. Nine studies reduced gestational weight gain. Conclusion: This review reveals large methodological variability in dietary interventions to control gestational weight gain and improve clinical outcomes in overweight and obese pregnant women. This lack of consensus limits the ability to develop clinical guidelines and apply the evidence in clinical practice. ; National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment UK program ; European Union ; EarlyNutrition ; Tommy's Charity ; Kings Coll London, Womens Hlth Acad Ctr, Sch Med, Diabet & Nutr Sci Div, London, England ; Kings Coll London, Womens Hlth Acad Ctr, Div Womens Hlth, London, England ; Early Life Nutr, Nutricia, Trowbridge, Wilts, England ; Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Cardiovasc Med, London, England ; Kings Coll London, Sch Med, Diabet & Nutr Sci Div, London, England ; Queen Mary Univ London, Barts & London Sch Med & Dent, Womens Hlth Res Unit & Multidisciplinary Evidence, London, England ; Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Med Ctr, EMGO Inst Hlth & Care Res, Dept Publ & Occupat Hlth, Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Queen Mary Univ London, Barts & London Sch Med & Dent, Womens Hlth Res Unit, London, England ; Univ N Carolina, Sch Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC USA ; Univ Politecn Madrid, Fac Ciencias Actividad Fis & Deporte INEF, Madrid, Spain ; Univ Coll Leuven Limburg, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Div Mother & Child, Antwerp, Belgium ; Univ Antwerp, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium ; Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Campinas, Brazil ; Univ Adelaide, Sch Paediat & Reprod Hlth, Robinson Inst, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia ; Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Dev & Regenerat, Leuven, Belgium ; Univ Hosp Leuven, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Leuven, Belgium ; Monash Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Monash Ctr Hlth Res & Implementat, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia ; Norwegian Sch Sport Sci, Dept Sports Med, Oslo, Norway ; Mazandaran Univ, Fac Phys Educ & Sport Sci, Dept Sport Physiol, Babol Sar, Iran ; Oslo Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; UKK Inst Hlth Promot Res, Tampere, Finland ; Univ Western Australia, Sch Sport Sci Exercise & Hlth, Perth, WA 6009, Australia ; Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Mother Infant Dept, Modena, Italy ; Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Kinesiol, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA ; Sao Paulo Fed Univ Unifesp, Dept Hlth Sci, Phys Therapy Course, Santos, Brazil ; Tech Univ Munich, Klinikum Rechts Isar, Inst Nutr Med, D-80290 Munich, Germany ; Univ Copenhagen, Hvidovre Hosp, Dept Obstet, Copenhagen, Denmark ; Univ Copenhagen, Hvidovre Hosp, Dept Gynecol, Copenhagen, Denmark ; Univ Southern Denmark, Odense Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Odense, Denmark ; Sorlandet Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Kristiansand, Norway ; Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Med, Dept Publ Hlth & Gen Practice, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway ; Univ Copenhagen, Fac Sci, Dept Nutr Exercise & Sports, Copenhagen, Denmark ; Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Nutr Res Unit, Herlev, Denmark ; Natl Matern Hosp, Univ Coll Dublin, Sch Med & Med Sci, UCD Obstet & Gynaecol, Dublin 2, Ireland ; Sao Paulo Fed Univ Unifesp, Dept Hlth Sci, Phys Therapy Course, Santos, Brazil ; EarlyNutrition: 289346 ; Tommy's Charity: 1060508 ; Web of Science