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Dampak Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) terhadap Existensi Perempuan antara Ruang Publik dan DomestikMUHAMMAD HAYAT, MAJurusan Sosiologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Jln. Raya Tlogomas no. 246, Malang 65144; *Email : hayato.hayat@gmail.comAbstract :Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) merupakan cara pemerintah untuk menggerakkan kemampuan masyarakat dalam melihat kemampuan diri sebagai sebuah komunitas yang mempunyai "power". Muara akhirnya adalah terciptanya kemandirian masyarakat yang menyadari bahwa diri mereka dan lingkungan sekitar mereka adalah "tool yang sangat berharga" bagi terwujudnya masyarakat yang partisipatif. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Torongrejo, Kecamatan Junrejo, Kota Batu yang mencoba fokus pada existensi perempuan di ruang publik dan domestik manakala pemerintah menstimuli dengan dana bantuan dari Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM). Keywords :PNPM, Existensi, Ruang Publik, Ruang Domestik

Actually, many public sectors are directly related to the age of marriage, namely, the issue of population rates (infant birth rate and maternal mortality); raising the level of education; early-age marriage; until efforts to anticipate the level of divorce. Therefore, from the classical to the contemporary era, the age of marriage is indeed something that must be considered in legal policy. This aspires to achieve marital goals and help structure modern society. The data shows that there were 332,489 cases of sued divorce and 133,971 cases of divorce were submitted to religious courts during 2015 throughout Indonesia. The total number of divorce cases in PA during the year was 466,460 cases. This means that there are 1,277 divorce cases per day or 53 divorce cases every hour. Therefore, the upstream problem needs to be considered, in this case the dilemma of the minimum age of marriage. The age of marriage is also one of the themes of family law reform in various Muslim countries. There are variations in numbers and attitudes from various countries.

This research paper examines the foreign investment laws and procedure of Pakistan and their role in protection of foreign investment in Pakistan. These laws are untapped area of research and one cannot find any specific research tracing the legal development in this highly specialized field. So far Pakistan has 48 BITs enforced with different countries and has also signed ICSID Convention, which is promulgated locally through Arbitration (International Investment Disputes) Act, 2011 incorporating the Convention in the schedule to ease the difficulty of foreign investors to enforce the awards rendered under auspices of ICSID in the territory of Pakistan. Under this research, an attempt has been made to study prevalent foreign investment laws and its trends in Pakistan. Though Pakistan has significantly improved its foreign investment regime by introducing new investor's friendly laws like, Special Economic Zones Act, 2011 and Investment Policy, 2013 etc., apart from its previous legislation on the subject, yet this regime needs more improvement and updating. Extensive overview of all existing foreign investment laws were carried out in this research. Fair and Equitable Treatment, Expropriation and other factors affecting foreign investment laws are the areas, which need to be taken care of by policy maker in the existing foreign investment laws of Pakistan. With these aims, it is hoped that this research paper would be a humble contribution in the literature on the subject.

Modi's leadership and governance pattern is a matter of consideration as concerned directly with styles of functioning of his adopted policies, which reflects his undertakings both in the social and political realm. This paper seeks to offer an alternative perspective in the domain of the rising threat of Hinduism, while the consolidation of the political power in India has been raising serious implications for Pakistan, in particular. It highlights the impact of all such harsh realist nuclear policies that may cause more complexities and further deteriorate the region's stability. This study deployed descriptive, analytical, and explanatory research techniques but to great extent, a major part consists of the descriptive study, which will be used when it comes to genesis and existing various scenarios. Findings also substantiate India's intentions and the propaganda waged and all steps keenly targeting Pakistan. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) seems to be adopting new realist approaches deeply rooted with that of Kautilya's. Therefore, the paper concludes that the rise of Hindu nationalists gets the support of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)-based concept demanding soft measures to lessen the worrisome environment causing by the Modi regime.

This study examines public opinion in 15 European countries, on the proposal to establish an independent European Central Bank (ECB). Using data from Eurobarometer surveys for 1998 to 2000, which included a specific question on this issue, we show that inflation performance is not sufficient to explain people's preference for an independent central bank: personal characteristics and circumstances have a stronger impact, with gender, employment status, education level, income quartiles, and degree of information and civic concern showing particular relevance. [Copyright Elsevier B.V.]

Quand les banquiers centraux sont-ils destitués ? Cet article montre que la probabilité de remplacement d'un gouverneur de banque centrale est positivement liée à la part du mandat déjà effectuée, aux crises bancaires et monétaires, aux élections, aux réformes des statuts des banques centrales, ainsi qu'à l'inflation. En outre, il est montré que les résultats dépendent de la régularité ou de l'irrégularité du remplacement, et de ce qu'il intervient avant ou après le terme de la durée légale du mandat. JEL Code: E58, G01, P48

The evolution of the sustainable business performance in relation to the technology integration reveals a significant revolution but regrettably is given little global attention, thus compelling the firms to reexamine the approach for their business growth. Considerably, e-marketing has been recognized as an emerging practice and plays a vital strategic tool to bring sellers and buyers on a digital platform. Besides, this study analyzes the moderating effects of trading partners (TPs) and competitive pressure (CP) in the relationship between top management support (TMS) and use of e-marketing (UEM). Moreover, the interactive role of government support (GS) and technological opportunism (TOP) was also analyzed between the UEM and sustainable firm performance (SFP). The study also discussed the mediating role of e-marketing usage between TMS and SFP. The data (n = 293) were collected from the marketing managers employed in the textile firms of Pakistan. Additionally, the findings revealed that TMS had a significant direct relationship with the UEM and the SFP. Moreover, UEM mediated the relationship between TMS and SFP. Finally, TP's pressure moderated the relationship between TMS and UEM, and TOP moderate the relationship between UEM and SFP, whereas CP and GS were unable to moderate the relationship particularly in current study context. However, this study has contributed empirically to several recognized relationships among the variables and extends the existing knowledge of literature. The study has contributed empirically to several recognized relationships among the variables and extends the existing knowledge of literature by leaving certain aspects of research for future studies.

This paper contributes empirically to the long-debated issue of the legitimacy of the European Central Bank (ECB) with regard to European polities. Using micro-level data from the Eurobarometer survey, we shed light on the socio-demographic determinants of public-opinion support for the ECB. We find that people with higher level of education and income and centre to right-wing political orientation tend to support the ECB, as well as people with optimistic expectations on the economic situation. By contrast, the unemployed tend to distrust the ECB. The policy relevance of such results is important for ECB's communication strategy with the general public.

This paper contributes empirically to the long-debated issue of the legitimacy of the European Central Bank (ECB) with regard to European polities. Using micro-level data from the Eurobarometer survey, we shed light on the socio-demographic determinants of public-opinion support for the ECB. We find that people with higher level of education and income and centre to right-wing political orientation tend to support the ECB, as well as people with optimistic expectations on the economic situation. By contrast, the unemployed tend to distrust the ECB. The policy relevance of such results is important for ECB's communication strategy with the general public.

This paper contributes empirically to the long-debated issue of the legitimacy of the European Central Bank (ECB) with regard to European polities. Using micro-level data from the Eurobarometer survey, we shed light on the socio-demographic determinants of public-opinion support for the ECB. We find that people with higher level of education and income and centre to right-wing political orientation tend to support the ECB, as well as people with optimistic expectations on the economic situation. By contrast, the unemployed tend to distrust the ECB. The policy relevance of such results is important for ECB's communication strategy with the general public.