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It is well documented that firms tend to manipulate earnings before IPO (initial public offerings) and SEO (seasoned equity offerings). This study contributes to the literature by providing the first evidence on whether and how fiscal support in the form of preferential tax treatment and financial subsidy affects a firm's earnings management behaviors. Using data for Chinese firms that have conducted IPO and SEO, I find that firms have a lower level of earnings management prior to the offerings if they enjoy more preferential tax treatment or more financial subsidies from local governments. My results are consistent with the view that firms that receive stronger fiscal support have smaller demand for earnings management, which is a costly tool for a firm to achieve its desired earnings targets.

The article examines modern issues of the family institution in the context of its transformation. It is noted that traditional values face new realities and prospects, causing problems that affect various social spheres of life. The history and current state of the family institution are analyzed, and trends and prospects for its further development are identified, including the main contradictory consequences and the need for state influence.

Nature-based tourism in protected areas, which is growing worldwide, offers much potential to enhance biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, and ultimately sustainable development. Understanding the evolution of protected areas as tourism destinations and the causes and consequences of changing supply and demand elements is an essential step toward sustainably managing tourism in these critical ecosystems. This research applied the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model to illustrate and analyze the 30-year evolution of tourism in Wolong Nature Reserve. Being inscribed in UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage programmes, Wolong is a flagship protected area in China. We showed that the Reserve experienced exploration, involvement, and development stages of the TALC before tourism growth was completely halted by the Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008. We systematically investigated the changes related to the evolution of tourism and identified various internal and external driving forces. We examined the dynamics of politics, economy, and tourism growth that might propel the Reserve through the life cycle and identified significant tourism governance structural changes through the stages. The results have implications for sustainable tourism development in China's protected areas and also contribute to a broader and general understanding of the complex relationships between protected areas, sustainable tourism, and community development.

Nature-based tourism in protected areas, which is growing worldwide, offers much potential to enhance biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, and ultimately sustainable development. Understanding the evolution of protected areas as tourism destinations and the causes and consequences of changing supply and demand elements is an essential step toward sustainably managing tourism in these critical ecosystems. This research applied the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model to illustrate and analyze the 30-year evolution of tourism in Wolong Nature Reserve. Being inscribed in UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage programmes, Wolong is a flagship protected area in China. We showed that the Reserve experienced exploration, involvement, and development stages of the TALC before tourism growth was completely halted by the Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008. We systematically investigated the changes related to the evolution of tourism and identified various internal and external driving forces. We examined the dynamics of politics, economy, and tourism growth that might propel the Reserve through the life cycle and identified significant tourism governance structural changes through the stages. The results have implications for sustainable tourism development in China's protected areas and also contribute to a broader and general understanding of the complex relationships between protected areas, sustainable tourism, and community development.

Emotional burnout is a serious problem that affects millions working in helping professions, including educators. This condition is characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced professional effectiveness. This article provides an overview of research on burnout syndrome in teachers of preschool educational organizations. Studies have shown that burnout is a multidimensional phenomenon with different definitions and causes. Some researchers connect burnout with Hans Selye»s stress theory, while others emphasize the role of unsuccessful search for meaning in the professional sphere. There are different models of burnout, such as the two-factor model (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization) and three-factor model (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment). The article analyzes the results of burnout diagnostics among teachers of preschool educational organizations. The results show high prevalence of burnout, especially in the indicators of depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. The research also revealed the correlation between the work experience and the severity of burnout. The article also considers various factors contributing to emotional burnout among educators, such as increased responsibility, intensive social interaction, and undervaluation by colleagues and management. To prevent and overcome burnout, a comprehensive program, aimed at increasing self-esteem, developing self-regulation skills, and reducing stress, is proposed. This research contributes to the understanding of the nature of burnout in the educational context and offers practical strategies for its prevention and overcoming. It underlines the need for further research to study the complex causes and consequences of burnout and develop effective interventions to support educators» well-being.