Suchergebnisse

National macro-policy is an important factor affecting the adjustment of farmers' livelihood strategies. It is necessary to analyze the impacts of agricultural change on farmers' income and livelihood strategy adjustment when new policy is issued. The Northeast Chinais a strategic region that guarantees China's national grain security and is also an important pilot area for implementing national agricultural policies. As a breakthrough point in the present agricultural supply-side structural reform implemented by Chinese government, the reform of maize purchasing and storage system in Northeast China has played a significant role in adjusting the maize price and also exerted a significant influence on the income and family livelihood strategies of some farmers. Given the shifts in maize policy, the purpose of this research is to model farmers' income change and their livelihood strategy adjustment in Northeast China. In consistence with the macro statistical data, the survey results of 125 questionnaires indicate that the reform of maize purchasing and storage system implemented in 2016 led to the drop of maize price in Northeast China by more than 30% in 2017, and the net income of maize growers in most areas of Northeast China declined by more than 60% compared with the previous year. Faced by the sudden drop in the maize price, 24.2% of maize growers in the surveyed farmers planned to adjust their livelihood strategies in a short term. The changes in livelihood strategies are mainly affected by the indicators of "comparison between income and expenditure" and "satisfaction with income from farming". Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions from the aspects of supporting subsidies, guidance for adjustment of family livelihood strategies and training of farmers' vocational skills. ; Nacionalinė politika yra svarbus veiksnys, lemiantis ūkininkų išgyvenimo strategiją. Yra svarbu analizuoti žemės ūkio pokyčių įtaką ūkininkų pajamoms. Šiaurės Rytų Kinija (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning provincijos ir Vidinės Mongolijos autonominis regionas) yra strateginė vietovė, garantuo-janti apsirūpinimą grūdais Kinijoje ir kurioje yra išbandomos naujos žemės ūkio politikos priemonės. Kukurūzų auginimo politikos pokyčiai Kinijoje lėmė kukurūzų kainos pokyčius ir ūkininkų pajamų mažėjimą. Šio straipsnio tikslas – atsižvelgiant į politikos pokyčius, modeliuoti kukurūzų auginimo pajamų ir kaštų pokyčius bei ūkininkų išgyvinimo strategijos pritaikymą Šiaurės Rytų Kinijoje. Anke-tinės apklausos (125 respondentai) rezultatai patvirtina makro lygmens duomenis ir rodo, kad kukurū-zų supirkimo ir sandėliavimo sistema, pradėta įgyvendinti 2016 metais, lėmė kukurūzų kainų mažėji-mą daugiau kaip 30 proc. 2017 m., o kukurūzų augintojų pelnas daugelyje vietovių sumažėjo daugiau kaip 60 proc. lyginant su ankstesniais metais. Dėl staigaus kainų mažėjimo, apie 24,2 proc. apklaustų-jų kukurūzų augintojų planavo pakeisti išgyvenimo strategijas trumpuoju laikotarpiu. Pateikiami pa-siūlymai žemės ūkio politikos tobulinimui ir ūkininkų įgūdžių didinimui.

AbstractIn the platform economy era, e‐commerce platforms function as distribution channels for sellers and offer online loans to sellers as financing providers. This study focuses on platform finance, where the platform sets a credit line or interest rate to offer either a limited or unlimited loan to capital‐constrained sellers. The sellers may have sufficient initial capital or be capital‐constrained but have access to limited or unlimited loans. We found that the optimal sellers' channel strategy, choosing either a single channel or online‐dominant or offline‐dominant dual channels, depends on the platform's credit line, consumers' channel preferences, and their switching behavior between online and offline channels. Given an unlimited (or limited) loan, the seller's dominated channel's quantity decreases (or increases) with her initial capital. The seller's and platform's preference for the unlimited loan or limited loan depends on the dominant channel and the seller's capital constraint. Loan offerings result in Pareto improvements for both participants, which reveals the value platform finance brings. We compare platform finance with bank finance and find that platform finance increases the sellers' threshold quantity without stockout in each channel and encourages the seller to place a higher quantity in both channels. We also examine the channel substitution effect on the sellers' quantity decisions. Findings provide insights for platforms and sellers to implement optimal financing and channel structures to increase their profits.

The subjective quality of life (QOL) can reflect differences in perceptions of residents and their true state of life. Taking Dehui City of northeast China as a case, based on 482 questionnaires from urban and rural residents, this paper evaluated the subjective QOL from three views, i.e. theattitude of residents to the objective material conditions where they live in, the satisfaction with various emotional relationships and the degree of concern about future unpredictable conditions. The purpose of this paper is to compare the subjective QOL of urban and rural residents and find out the key influencing factors, which will help the government to make precise measures to narrow the gap between urban and rural development in China. The results showed that the overall satisfaction of urban and rural residents in Dehui City with the basic living conditions, emotions and unknown conditions is generally higher. However, there are significant differences between urban and rural residents about the satisfaction with the basic living conditions and the degree of concern about unknown conditions. The subjective QOL of most rural residents is not ideal, and the degree of satisfaction of urban residents and rural residents who live near the urban center of Dehui and the provincial capital Changchun is slightly higher than those of the rural areas in northwestern Dehui. Social security, diversification of family income, improvement of regional environment, and family economic foundation are important factors in improving the subjective QOL of urban residents, while social security and regional environmental improvement have positively promoted the subjective QOL of rural residents. ; Subjektyvioji gyvenimo kokybė (SGK) atspindi gyventojų mąstymą ir jų gyvenimo būklę. Straipsnio tikslas yra palyginti miesto ir kaimo gyventojų SGK ir nustatyti svarbiausius šiuos skirtumus lemiančius veiksnius. Dehui mieste (Kinija) buvo apklausti 482 miesto ir kaimo gyventojai bei įvertinta SGK trimis požiūriais: gyventojų požiūris į gyvenamąsias materialines sąlygas, pasitenkinimas emociniais ryšiais, nuomonė apie ateities sąlygas. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad egzistuojareikšmingi skirtumai tarp kaimo ir miesto gyventojų gyvenimo sąlygų ir susirūpinimo ateities sąlygomis požiūriu. Kinijos valstybinėms institucijoms pasiūlytos veiksmingos priemonės mažinti šiuos skirtumus.

ABSTRACTWe study a supply chain in which a consumer goods manufacturer sells its product through a retailer. The retailer undertakes promotional expenditures, such as advertising, to increase sales and to compete against other retailer(s). The manufacturer supports the retailer's promotional expenditure through a cooperative advertising program by reimbursing a portion (called the subsidy rate) of the retailer's promotional expenditure. To determine the subsidy rate, we formulate a Stackelberg differential game between the manufacturer and the retailer, and a Nash differential subgame between the retailer and the competing retailer(s). We derive the optimal feedback promotional expenditures of the retailers and the optimal feedback subsidy rate of the manufacturer, and show how they are influenced by market parameters. An important finding is that the manufacturer should support its retailer only when a subsidy threshold is crossed. The impact of competition on this threshold is nonmonotone. Specifically, the manufacturer offers more support when its retailer competes with one other retailer but its support starts decreasing with the presence of additional retailers. In the case where the manufacturer sells through all retailers, we show under certain assumptions that it should support only one dominant retailer. We also describe how we can incorporate retail price competition into the model.