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Charges that the mass media create unwarranted levels of fear of crime are almost as old as the media themselves. Researchers entered the fray in large numbers in the 1960s, documenting the effects of television, newspapers, and movies on perceptions of crime and fear of criminal victimization. Recent developments in mass media, such as the rise in popularity of crime reenactment television programs, the access to more violence via cable, VCR, and satellite dish, and the interactive nature of electronic games, raise even greater concern about the fear-generating potential of these media. In addition, the real-world increase in the occurrence of stranger crimes and mass attacks could make the media image even more potent, because of the prevalence of random or random-appearing crimes reported by the media. This article provides an overview of the research on the mass media and its effects on perceptions of crime danger, personal fear of crime, and reactions to crime risk. In addition, we examine the modifiers of the relationships between media and fear.

This study employs multivariate analyses with retrospective self‐report data to assess the relative importance of certain childhood and adolescent experiences to the commission of violent crimes as an adult. Specifically, the relationship is examined between violent criminal behavior and exposure to family violence, exposure to television violence, school performance, other adolescent activities, and differential reinforcement for previous illegal acts. The exploratory model is based on data collected on 100 male inmates incarcerated for violent crimes and 65 nonincarcerated, nonviolent males matched in terms of age, race, and neighborhood. Findings, from analyses which estimate both additive and interactive effects, indicate that the background experiences associated with violent crime vary depending upon an individual's race. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for further research on the causes of violent criminal behavior.

The quandary m which program evaluators find themselves involves a search for ways to maximize the internal validity and inferential power of their research designs while still being able to assess the long-term effects of social programs. A multimethodological research strategy combining a delayed control group true experiment with a multiple time series with switching replications design is proposed as one means of addressing this problem. Providing certain criteria are met, such a combination would enable researchers to conduct research that is inferentially powerful and yet palatable to program personnel. At the same time, such an approach would not forfeit the assessment of long-term follow- up effects

The aim of this article is to explore the historical context of vocationalism in universities. It is based on an analysis of the history of the university from a vocational perspective. It looks for evidence of vocational engagement in the activities of universities over time, taking a long view from the birth of the Western University in the Middle Ages to the 1980s with the emergence of current issues of vocationalism in
university education. It adopts a chronological perspective initially and then a thematic one. The main ndings are: (1) vocationalism in university education is as old as the
Western University itself, (2) there is evidence from the start of the Western University of vocational engagement in terms of the provision of vocationally relevant subjects, vocationally relevant skills and the development of vocationally relevant attitudes, (3) whereas most graduate employers used to be concerned with the vocationally relevant knowledge, skills and attitudes students acquired on their degree courses, most are now
more concerned with graduate capacity and disposition to learn within their employment after graduation and (4) subject-centred education is compatible with university education that supports the vocational aspirations of students.

Frameworks for Applying Social Psychological Processes to Social Issues -- Psychosocial Aspects of AIDS Prevention among Heterosexuals -- Social Influence and AIDS-Preventive Behavior -- Understanding and Preventing Teenage Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Disease/AIDS -- Implications of Behavioral Decision Theory and Social Marketing for Designing Social Action Programs -- Applying a Social Psychological Model across Health Promotion Interventions -- Heart Health Program -- Social Influence and Antiprejudice Training Programs -- Reducing Aggression in Children through Social Interventions -- The "Psycho-Logic" of Fear-Reduction and Crime-Prevention Programs -- Preventing Injuries and Deaths from Vehicle Crashes -- A Two-Factor Model of Energy and Water Conservation -- Alternative Social Influence Processes Applied to Energy Conservation -- Public Policy and Applied Social Psychology.