Suchergebnisse

In 1994, almost one million ethnic Tutsis were killed in the genocide in Rwanda. In the aftermath of the genocide, some of the top-echelon Hutu officers who had organized it fled Rwanda to the eastern Congo (DRC) and set up a new base for military operation, with the goal of retaking power in Kigali, Rwanda. More than twenty years later, these rebel forces comprise a diverse group of refugees, rebel fighters, and civilian dependents who operate from mountain areas in the Congo forests and have a long and complex history of war and violence. While media and human rights reports typically portray this rebel group as one of the most brutal rebel factions operating in the eastern Congo region, Hutu Rebels paints a more complex picture. Having conducted ethnographic fieldwork in a rebel camp located deep in the Congo forest, Anna Hedlund explores the micropolitics and practices of everyday life among a community of Hutu rebel fighters and their families, living under the harshest of conditions. She describes the Hutu fighters not only as a military unit with a vision of return to Rwanda but also as a community engaged in the present Congo conflicts. Hedlund focuses on how fighters and their families perceive their own life conditions, how they remember and articulate the events of the genocide, and why they continue to fight in what appears to be an endless conflict. Hutu Rebels argues that we need to move beyond compiling catalogs of atrocities and start examining the "ordinary life" of combatants if we want to understand the ways in which violence is expressed in the context of a most brutal conflict.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Acknowledgements -- Glossary -- 1. Introduction -- A Crisis Develops -- The Agricultural Sector -- Natural Conditions -- Agriculture and Planning -- Plan of the Study -- Appendix: Methodological Problems -- Notes -- 2. Emergence of the Collective Farm -- Russian Peasants -- Revolution and War Communism -- Interlude -- Stalin Takes the Helm -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 3. Policy Reversal -- A Stalinist Legacy -- A New Strategy -- Perpetuation -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 4. The Collective Farm -- The Kolkhoz -- Households -- Control -- Management -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. External Conflicts -- Prices and Procurements -- Plan Implementation -- Free Markets -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 6. Resource Utilisation -- Unwilling Workers -- Free Land -- Difficult Partners -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 7. Future Prospects -- The Soviet View -- Critical Links -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Index.

This paper introduces private sender information into a sender-receiver game of Bayesian persuasion with monotonic sender preferences. I derive properties of increasing differences related to the precision of signals and use these to fully characterize the set of equilibria robust to the intuitive criterion. In particular, all such equilibria are either separating, i.e., the sender's choice of signal reveals his private information to the receiver, or fully disclosing, i.e., the outcome of the sender's chosen signal fully reveals the payoff-relevant state to the receiver. Incentive compatibility requires the high sender type to use sub-optimal signals and therefore generates a cost for the high sender type in comparison to a full information benchmark in which the receiver knows the sender's type. The receiver prefers the equilibrium outcome over this benchmark for large classes of monotonic sender preferences.

Russia emerges out of chaos -- An energy superpower? -- Energy assets -- Assembling the powerhouse -- Gazprom and the peculiarities of gas -- Counterreactions -- Global financial crisis -- Picking up the pieces -- Backward into the future

Opportunity and self-interest -- Scope and tradition of social science -- Markets under central planning -- Russia's historical legacy -- Markets everywhere -- Institutional choice -- History matters -- Concluding discussion -- Implications for social science.

Russia's transition to a market economy has been tortuous to say the least. However, this book argues that the arguments and counter-arguments that pitch shock therapy against gradualism are wide of the mark and quite pointless. Indeed, the reasons for the warped outcomes can actually be traced back through the long sweep of Russian history. Decisions made in the distant past can fully influence policy- making in the present. Hedlund's thesis can, like this, be seen as influenced by the 'path dependency' theories of Paul David among others.