Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- CHAPTER I -- Scaling in ecology andbiodiversity conservation:An introduction -- The meaning of "scale" -- CHAPTER II -- Conceptual framework andtypology of drivers -- Scaling of drivers of changeacross administrative levels -- Scaling of habitat loss inNatura 2000 network -- Fragmentation across spatialscales -- European projections ofhabitats and carbon stocks:Negative effects of climateand positive effects of CO2changes dominate, but landuse is also of importance -- CHAPTER III -- The scaling of geneticdiversity in a changing andfragmented world -- Population viability: On themove from small to largescales and from single tomultiple species -- Scaling communitiesand biodiversity -- Scaling of biodiversity changecaused by land-use change -- The interface betweenconservation areas andagriculture: Functional spilloverand ecosystem services -- Conserving different kinds ofbiodiversity in different sortsof landscapes -- CHAPTER IV -- Determining responsibilitiesto prioritize conservationactions across scales -- A GIS-based spatiotemporalmodeling with Bayesianmaximum entropy method -- Downscaling climate data topredict species' ranges -- Connectivity:Beyond corridors -- CHAPTER V -- Systematic site selectionsbeyond Natura 2000 -- Governance of network ofprotected areas: Innovativesolutions and instruments -- Ecological fiscal transfers:A policy response to localconservation challenges -- EU Green Infrastructure:Opportunities and the needfor addressing scales -- Conservation strategiesacross spatial scales -- Biodiversity monitoring andpolicy instruments: Trends,gaps and new developments -- Biodiversity monitoringand EU policy -- CHAPTER VI -- Spatial data standardizationacross Europe: An exemplarytale from the SCALES project

The protection of biodiversity is a complex societal, political and ultimately practical imperative of current global society. The imperative builds upon scientific knowledge on human dependence on the life-support systems of the Earth. This paper aims at introducing main types of uncertainty inherent in biodiversity science, policy and management, as an introduction to a companion paper summarizing practical experiences of scientists and scholars (Haila et al. 2014). Uncertainty is a cluster concept: the actual nature of uncertainty is inherently context-bound. We use semantic space as a conceptual device to identify key dimensions of uncertainty in the context of biodiversity protection; these relate to [i] data; [ii] proxies; [iii] concepts; [iv] policy and management; and [v] normative goals. Semantic space offers an analytic perspective for drawing critical distinctions between types of uncertainty, identifying fruitful resonances that help to cope with the uncertainties, and building up collaboration between different specialists to support mutual social learning.

The protection of biodiversity is a complex societal, political and ultimately practical imperative of current global society. The imperative builds upon scientific knowledge on human dependence on the life-support systems of the Earth. This paper aims at introducing main types of uncertainty inherent in biodiversity science, policy and management, as an introduction to a companion paper summarizing practical experiences of scientists and scholars (Haila et al. 2014). Uncertainty is a cluster concept: the actual nature of uncertainty is inherently context-bound. We use semantic space as a conceptual device to identify key dimensions of uncertainty in the context of biodiversity protection; these relate to [i] data; [ii] proxies; [iii] concepts; [iv] policy and management; and [v] normative goals. Semantic space offers an analytic perspective for drawing critical distinctions between types of uncertainty, identifying fruitful resonances that help to cope with the uncertainties, and building up collaboration between different specialists to support mutual social learning.

The 5-year EU project project Securing the Conservation of biodiversity across Administrative Levels and spatial, temporal, and Ecological Scales (SCALES) has come to an end in July 2014 resulting in a first of its kind description of challenges that arise in protecting biodiversity across different scales. A wide range of practical methods and recommendations to improve conservation at regional, national and supranational scales are included in a book published as a synthesis of project outcome. The book "Scaling in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation" was published in open access via Pensoft Publisher's Advanced Books platform. Results are also presented in an easy to use interactive SCALETOOL, specifically developed for the needs of policy and decision-makers. The tool also provides access to a range of biodiversity data and driver maps compiled or created in the project.

This is a cumulative dissertation comprising three original studies (one published, one in revision, one submitted; Effective December 2017) investigating how reptile species in arid Australia respond to various climatic parameters at different spatial scales and analysing the two potential main underlying mechanisms: thermoregulatory behaviour and species interactions. This dissertation combines extensive individual-based field data across trophic levels, selected field experiments, statistical analyses, and predictive modelling techniques. Mechanisms and processes detected in this dissertation can now be used to predict potential future changes in the community of arid-zone lizards. This knowledge will help improving our fundamental understanding of the consequences of global change and thereby prevent biodiversity loss in a vulnerable ecosystem.

This book is about conflicts between different stakeholder groups triggered by protected species that compete with humans for natural resources. It presents key ecological features of typical conflict species and mitigation strategies including technical mitigation and the design of participatory decision strategies involving relevant stakeholders. The book provides a European perspective, but also develops a global framework for the development of action plans.

Die eingehende Analyse der Umweltbelastungen und der Landnutzungssituation in der Modellregion Leipzig-Halle-Bitterfeld bildet die Grundlage dieses Buches. Neben der Einschätzung des Gefährdungspotentials von Schadstoffen in Böden und Gewässern erfolgt eine Beschreibung der Regenerationsprozesse in Waldschadensgebieten und auf brachfallenden Landwirtschaftsflächen. Darauf aufbauend wird ein weitgehend übertragbarer Bewertungsschlüssel vorgestellt, der zeigt, inwieweit sich überlagernde Ansprüche verschiedener Nutzungsinteressen (Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Bergbau, Wasserwirtschaft, Naturschutz, Naherholung etc.) für die Übernutzung und Schädigung von Landschaften verantwortlich sind. Am Schluß stehen Strategien für eine nachhaltige Landnutzung in den über weite Strecken von Industrie, Bergbau und Intensivagrarwirtschaft gezeichneten Regionen Ostdeutschlands und Osteuropas

Temporal baselines are needed for biodiversity, in order for the change in biodiversity to be measured over time, the targets for biodiversity conservation to be defined and conservation progress to be evaluated. Limited biodiversity information is widely recognized as a major barrier for identifying temporal baselines, although a comprehensive quantitative assessment of this is lacking. Here, we report on the temporal baselines that could be drawn from biodiversity monitoring schemes in Europe and compare those with the rise of important anthropogenic pressures. Most biodiversity monitoring schemes were initiated late in the 20th century, well after anthropogenic pressures had already reached half of their current magnitude. Setting temporal baselines from biodiversity monitoring data would therefore underestimate the full range of impacts of major anthropogenic pressures. In addition, biases among taxa and organization levels provide a truncated picture of biodiversity over time. These limitations need to be explicitly acknowledged when designing management strategies and policies as they seriously constrain our ability to identify relevant conservation targets aimed at restoring or reversing biodiversity losses. We discuss the need for additional research efforts beyond standard biodiversity monitoring to reconstruct the impacts of major anthropogenic pressures and to identify meaningful temporal baselines for biodiversity. ; This work was initiated under the framework of the FP7 project EU BON (contract 308454), which provided financial support to J.B.M., D.S.S., N.T., K.H. and N.B. Additional support was provided to L.B. and N.T. through the FORESTCAST project (CGL2014-59742, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain).

International audience ; Efficient management of biodiversity requires a forward-looking approach based on scenarios that explore biodiversity changes under future environmental conditions. A number of ecological models have been proposed over the last decades to develop these biodiversity scenarios. Novel modelling approaches with strong theoretical foundation now offer the possibility to integrate key ecological and evolutionary processes that shape species distribution and community structure. Although biodiversity is affected by multiple threats, most studies addressing the effects of future environmental changes on biodiversity focus on a single threat only. We examined the studies published during the last 25years that developed scenarios to predict future biodiversity changes based on climate, land-use and land-cover change projections. We found that biodiversity scenarios mostly focus on the future impacts of climate change and largely neglect changes in land use and land cover. The emphasis on climate change impacts has increased over time and has now reached a maximum. Yet, the direct destruction and degradation of habitats through land-use and land-cover changes are among the most significant and immediate threats to biodiversity. We argue that the current state of integration between ecological and land system sciences is leading to biased estimation of actual risks and therefore constrains the implementation of forward-looking policy responses to biodiversity decline. We suggest research directions at the crossroads between ecological and environmental sciences to face the challenge of developing interoperable and plausible projections of future environmental changes and to anticipate the full range of their potential impacts on biodiversity. An intergovernmental platform is needed to stimulate such collaborative research efforts and to emphasize the societal and political relevance of taking up this challenge.

International audience ; Efficient management of biodiversity requires a forward-looking approach based on scenarios that explore biodiversity changes under future environmental conditions. A number of ecological models have been proposed over the last decades to develop these biodiversity scenarios. Novel modelling approaches with strong theoretical foundation now offer the possibility to integrate key ecological and evolutionary processes that shape species distribution and community structure. Although biodiversity is affected by multiple threats, most studies addressing the effects of future environmental changes on biodiversity focus on a single threat only. We examined the studies published during the last 25years that developed scenarios to predict future biodiversity changes based on climate, land-use and land-cover change projections. We found that biodiversity scenarios mostly focus on the future impacts of climate change and largely neglect changes in land use and land cover. The emphasis on climate change impacts has increased over time and has now reached a maximum. Yet, the direct destruction and degradation of habitats through land-use and land-cover changes are among the most significant and immediate threats to biodiversity. We argue that the current state of integration between ecological and land system sciences is leading to biased estimation of actual risks and therefore constrains the implementation of forward-looking policy responses to biodiversity decline. We suggest research directions at the crossroads between ecological and environmental sciences to face the challenge of developing interoperable and plausible projections of future environmental changes and to anticipate the full range of their potential impacts on biodiversity. An intergovernmental platform is needed to stimulate such collaborative research efforts and to emphasize the societal and political relevance of taking up this challenge.

International audience ; Efficient management of biodiversity requires a forward-looking approach based on scenarios that explore biodiversity changes under future environmental conditions. A number of ecological models have been proposed over the last decades to develop these biodiversity scenarios. Novel modelling approaches with strong theoretical foundation now offer the possibility to integrate key ecological and evolutionary processes that shape species distribution and community structure. Although biodiversity is affected by multiple threats, most studies addressing the effects of future environmental changes on biodiversity focus on a single threat only. We examined the studies published during the last 25years that developed scenarios to predict future biodiversity changes based on climate, land-use and land-cover change projections. We found that biodiversity scenarios mostly focus on the future impacts of climate change and largely neglect changes in land use and land cover. The emphasis on climate change impacts has increased over time and has now reached a maximum. Yet, the direct destruction and degradation of habitats through land-use and land-cover changes are among the most significant and immediate threats to biodiversity. We argue that the current state of integration between ecological and land system sciences is leading to biased estimation of actual risks and therefore constrains the implementation of forward-looking policy responses to biodiversity decline. We suggest research directions at the crossroads between ecological and environmental sciences to face the challenge of developing interoperable and plausible projections of future environmental changes and to anticipate the full range of their potential impacts on biodiversity. An intergovernmental platform is needed to stimulate such collaborative research efforts and to emphasize the societal and political relevance of taking up this challenge.