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An attempt is made to identify and analyze cassava technology adoption constraints (multiplication, var. diffusion, institutional, political, structural) and to describe an integrated research strategy that leads toward a more successful impact. Issues that should be considered in the research agenda that will contribute to alleviate constraints are true cassava seed, specific breeding objectives, farmer participatory research, preproduction plots, and on-farm cassava stake multiplication. The efficient development of improved technology and optimization of technology diffusion help increase the area planted to new var., the no. of farmers using improved production and processing technologies, and the no. of cassava processing plants. Examples of cassava adoption and impact are detailed, namely the adoption of Rayong 3 in Thailand and the integrated cassava drying projects in Latin America. Relatively too much emphasis has been placed on production technology development and too little on alleviating basic constraints on the adoption process, resulting in reduced technology impact. The strategy used by CIAT integrates technology and adoption research. Quality of adoption research is also important; the integration of technology and adoption research is the key to successful diffusion and impact. This integrated approach must involve complete collaboration of farmer and researcher during the entire research process. (CIAT)

Current global starch production is approximating 50 million tonnes. While the starch production growth rate steadily continues to surpass average population growth figures, the make-up by starch source and production regions have been changing. The world share of cassava-based starches may range between 4-6%. While Southeast Asia continues to lead as the foremost cassava starch production (and utilization) region, both within this region and in other continents the cassava starch industry and market patterns are changing. Starting in the late 1980s and accelerating during the 90s, Latin-American and (to a minor extent) African cassava starch processing has expanded. It is most likely that this basic trend will continue into the beginning of the 21st century. However, the new century brings with it both new threats as well as additional opportunities that will greatly impact on the competitiveness of cassava as a major starch source. The paper firstly summarizes the principal global trends of starch production, utilization and markets, paying special attention to the role of cassava. In addition, individual starch regions (US, EU, Asia) and their main players will be discussed. Secondly, the foremost global and regional technical, political and economic conditions that are currently coming about will be reviewed concerning their potential impact on global starch markets. Thirdly, a synthesis is formulated as to what the most probable implications are for cassava sector researchers and developers.

The identification, introduction and development of cassava drying technology has led to a more stable and wider cassava market in several important cassava growing regions in Latin America. In turn, this has been an incentive for small-scale cassava farmers to increase both cassava area and production using improved cassava production technologies. Farmer cooperatives are managing cassava drying plants where cassava is chipped, sundried on concrete floors, and sold as a low-cost energy substitute to animal feed ration manufacturers. The drying plants need an initial investment of 11,000 US$$ and the average drying floor has an annual capacity of processing 100 ha of cassava in a region where the average farm is 4-6 ha. Local governmental and non-governmental institutions provide support in management and marketing. The first drying project started in Colombia in 1982, and since then, the project has been through 3 phases: (1) pilot phase; (2) semi-commercial phase; and (3) expansion phase. Currently, approximately 51 farmer cooperative managed drying plants are in operation, producing 10,500 ton of dried cassava chips. In addition, some 6,000 ton of chips are being produced and utilized on-farm. The drying technology has spread to Ecuador, Panama, and Brazil, where it has been adopted with great success. Currently it is estimated that some 150-170 drying plants are in operation in Latin America. The cassava drying technology has shown an impact at various levels of beneficiaries and in different forms. Small-scale cassava farmers are the foremost beneficiaries in terms of increased cassava revenues and employment. In addition, improved rural purchasing power increases the demand for urban manufactured goods. Hence, cassava drying technology can improve overall economic growth and development in marginal areas of the tropics.

When complex organizational, institutional, technical (production, processing) and market constraints and needs are being faced by limited resources, innovative R&D methodologies are required for appropriate, efficient and effective solutions. In 1996, more than 200 cassava starch processing households were being faced by a myriad of problems regarding their small agro-industries, resulting in poor social & economic conditions. This was further aggrevated by serious public order problems due to violent actions of "guerilla" groups throughout Cauca Valley, Colombia. Demands for intervention from farmer processor groups and local institutions led to an innovative R&D action plan. Several principal approaches were combined for this R&D action plan; (i) integration of the principal actors and activities in the production to consumption chain : (ii) integration of client opinions with expert analyses; (iii) prioritization and consensus among stakeholders, and (iv) optimization of project resources efficiency. Rapid industry inventory, sampled technical surveys, focus group sessions, market analysis, concensus seeking partner workshops together with a frequent information feedback system generated a set of collaborative project proposals acceptable to and co-owned by all partners. Three out of four sub-proposals have already been financed and are currently being executed. This paper, first, lays out the background conditions of Cauca Valley, followed by a discussion on the basic R&D approaches and participatory needs opportunities assessment methodologies used. Then it summarizes the principal and most relevant findings, and concludes with summing up the advantages of the used combination of approaches and methodologies.

Cette étude est le bilan de l'activité urbanistique déployée à Barcelone depuis dix ans. La première partie est consacrée au contenu, à l'évolution et aux modalités pratiques du projet urbain ; la seconde concerne la décentralisation du pouvoir municipal ; la troisième traite des fondements historiques culturels et politiques de cette vaste entreprise.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; The new bio-economy is increasingly seen as a workable alternative to move today's economies in the direction of more sustainable natural resource use and economic growth. Most of existing experiences, both from science as well as from implementation of the Knowledge Based Bio-Economy (KBBE) concepts, refer to relatively strong science basis and relatively large scales of application. This paper proposes to review existing advances in the implementation of the KBBE in small scale situations and identify what the key research, institutional and policy issues that need to be taken into account to further promote KBBE approaches to rural and local development. As such, the analytical approach used includes an extensive literature review in the form of a desk study, followed by a comparative analysis and the formulation of recommendations regarding S&T and policy agendas.

La nouvelle bio-économie est de plus en plus considérée comme une alternative viable pour faire progresser les économies d'aujourd'hui vers une utilisation plus durable des ressources naturelles et la croissance économique. La plupart des expériences existantes, provenant de la science ainsi que de l'application du concept de la Bio-Economie Basée sur la Connaissance (KBBE- Knowledge Based Bio-Economy), se reporte à des bases scientifiques relativement fortes et à une échelle d'application relativement grande. Cet article propose d'examiner les progrès actuels dans la mise en oeuvre du KBBE dans des situations à petite échelle et d'identifier quelles sont les principales questions de recherche, institutionnelles et politiques qui doivent être prises en compte pour promouvoir les approches KBBE au développement rural et local. À ce titre, l'approche analytique utilisée comprend une revue exhaustive de la littérature sous la forme d'une étude documentaire, suivie d'une analyse comparative et la formulation de recommandations concernant les S&T et les agendas politiques.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; The new bio-economy is increasingly seen as a workable alternative to move today's economies in the direction of more sustainable natural resource use and economic growth. Most of existing experiences, both from science as well as from implementation of the Knowledge Based Bio-Economy (KBBE) concepts, refer to relatively strong science basis and relatively large scales of application. This paper proposes to review existing advances in the implementation of the KBBE in small scale situations and identify what the key research, institutional and policy issues that need to be taken into account to further promote KBBE approaches to rural and local development. As such, the analytical approach used includes an extensive literature review in the form of a desk study, followed by a comparative analysis and the formulation of recommendations regarding S&T and policy agendas.

This paper attempts to utilize past cassava production, utilization and market trends, integrated with regional macro-economic developments, together with a general summary of current cassava R&D advances, to analyze the principal cassava sector constraints and future opportunities, both at the country and regional level. The first section shows where the major cassava production and utilization areas are and secondly assesses cassava area, yield and production trends from 1980-95 by region and specific countries (cases), explaining past trends due to a variety of factors, including climatological, biological, technological (R&D), political and macro-economic aspects. The second section concentrates on the dynamics of cassava processing, products and markets, analyzing the major cassava product groups, i.e. cassava for fresh direct consumption, flours, dried cassava chips and pellets for animal feeds, and cassava starches. Evidence will be presented to show the significant increases of starch production versus relative declines in pellets. Macro-policy changes, expanded market demand, technology advances and relative price changes are some of the major factors explaining these recent developments. The third section of the paper assesses regional, market (and country) cassava sector constraints which are stratified into four areas: (a) biological/technical aspects, (b) socio-economic aspects, (c) institutional aspects, and (d) political aspects. For some of the aspects quantitative evidence is presented; other aspects are more qualitatively assessed. After this, the most significant future opportunities are analyzed. These are grouped into three areas: (a) technological, (b) market, and (c) institutional/political. The paper ends with the major conclusions and makes several recommendations.

The impact of improved technological components depends to a large extent on the appropriateness of the intervention for the end-user, the efficiency of the technology transfer mechanism and the socio-economical and political conditions of the technology target area. In order to optimize impact the constraints in each of these areas of influence need to be analyzed and opportunities need to be identified to alleviate these constraints. From a different perspective these constraints can be divided into technical, institutional, socio-economical and political limitations. Technical constraints include the appropriateness of the technology intervention. Institutional constraints include the research /extension integration, technology transfer mechanism, seed multiplication capacity, and adoption information feed-back mechanism. The socio-economic constraints include the presence and capacity of commercial seed multiplication and distribution entities and the market situation regard ing possible price premiums or potential demand for additional supplies (as a consequence of the technology adoption). The political constraints may be adverse governmental policy interventions. The results from different adoption studies are used to demonstrate the importance of appropriate technologies, institutional support, transfer mechanism, and market influence. One case study treats the adoption and impact of cassava technologies within the Integrated Cassava Project in Colombia's north coast. The other study concerns the adoption of cassava variety Rayong 3 in Thailand. The last section of the paper identifies and discusses various opportunities that are open to research and extension institutions to alleviate adoption constraints and that subsequently can translate into higher impact.

Vol. 2 has title: Military record of army and civilian appointments in the United States Army . New York, D. Van Nostrand, 1873. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Vol. 2 has title: Military record of army and civilian appointments in the United States Army. ; Mode of access: Internet.

La bioeconomía entendida como el uso de biomasa con la asistencia de biotecnologías, para la producción de fuentes de energía, componentes químicos, materiales y otros bioproductos, es un modelo de producción en pleno crecimiento. Alentada por varias instituciones internacionales (OCDE, Comisión Europea) e implementada por medio de numerosas estrategias nacionales a través del mundo, la bioeconomía cobra cada vez más fuerza; específicamente en América Latina, región que cuenta con una de las mayores reservas de biomasa a escala mundial -además de ser gran productor de biocombustibles-. Actualmente, la investigación en bioeconomía se enfoca más al desarrollo de biotecnologías, mientras que las transformaciones de biomasa a gran escala sugieren un cambio radical de la sociedad, esto es: una redefinición de los centros de producción, de los modelos de consumo y de los impactos de la actividad humana en el medio ambiente. De este modo, la bioeconomía se posiciona como un tema innovador para la investigación en los ámbitos económico, político y de las ciencias sociales. ; The bioeconomy, defined as the efficient use of biomass for the production of food, fiber, feed, energy and bioproducts, is an increasingly popular economic social and environmental development model. Proposed and promoted by international agencies such as the EC and OECD, it has been implemented in a variety of formats (but based on the same principles) and institutional levels, by individual countries, regions, cities and sectors throughout the world. Latin America, and pioneered by Brazil and Argentina, presents a very opportune mix of resources, conditions, policies and national objectives, translating in an increasing interest for adopting the bioeconomy model. Today, bioeconomy research advances especially in the biotechnology and related areas, while large scale biomass transformations have significant societal, organizational and institutional consequences that invite a series of new questions, that typically are much more relevant for the political and social sciences. As such the new bioeconomy offers new research challenges at local, national, regional and international (trade) levels. ; Fil: Guy, Henry. CIRAD UMR MOISA, CIAT; Colombia. ; Fil: Pahun, Jeanne. CIRAD UMR MOISA, CIAT; Colombia. ; Fil: Trigo, Eduardo. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva; Argentina.

Les études d'adoption de technologie et d'impact sont utiles pour les bailleurs de fonds et les responsables de projets de recherche-dévelop pement et plus particulièrement pour les chercheurs et divulgateurs pour qui cette information permet de réajuster (si cela est nécessaire), les objectifs et la méthodologie des projets en cours. L'étude a permis de quantifier et d'analyser l'origine et les taux d'adoption de nouvelles technologies de transformation ou de variétés de manioc. L'utilisation d'un modèle économétrique simple a permis d'identifier les principales raisons de l'adoption ou du rejet de celles-ci. L'analyse des bénéfices sociaux et économiques apportés à la communauté montre que les producteurs et transformateurs de manioc sont les principaux bénéficiaires du projet. Sur la période 1988-95 les bénéfices liés à l'adoption sont évalués à 25,3 millions de dollars. Le taux de retour sur investissement pour le projet de développement est estimé à 83 %. L'information recueillie et les nombreuses recommandations techniques, organisationnelles et économiques formulées en conclusion du document sont autant d'éléments indispensables à la formulation d'une nouvelle phase pour le projet d'appui à l'agro-industrie de la transformation du manioc en amidon aigre, dans le Nord du département du Cauca en Colombie.