Cet article voudrait présenter, à propos des campagnes et des villes du haut Moyen Age en Pologne, quelques problèmes liés à l'application de la méthode archéologique. Nous mettons en question les moyens et recherches employés par l'archéologie pour exploiter les traces matérielles laissées par les hommes : les recherches traditionnelles à partir de fouilles constituent l'essentiel de la méthode archéologique. Cependant les recherches de laboratoire à partir de ce matériel prennent aujourd'hui de plus en plus d'importance. Nous le verrons sur l'exemple que nous avons retenu des campagnes et des villes.
AbstractAccording to the expertise defense, practitioners of the method of cases need not worry about findings that ordinary people's philosophical intuitions depend on epistemically irrelevant factors. This is because, honed by years of training, the intuitions of professional philosophers likely surpass those of the folk. To investigate this, we conducted a controlled longitudinal study of a broad range of intuitions in undergraduate students of philosophy (n = 226), whose case judgments we sampled after each semester throughout their studies. Under the assumption, made by proponents of the expertise defense, that formal training in philosophy gives rise to the kind of expertise that accounts for changes in the students' responses to philosophically puzzling cases, our data suggest that the acquired cognitive skills only affect single case judgments at a time. There does not seem to exist either a general expertise that informs case judgments in all areas of philosophy, or an expertise specific to particular subfields. In fact, we argue that available evidence, including the results of cross-sectional research, is best explained in terms of differences in adopted beliefs about specific cases, rather than acquired cognitive skills. We also investigated whether individuals who choose to study philosophy have atypical intuitions compared to the general population and whether students whose intuitions are at odds with textbook consensus are more likely than others to drop out of the philosophy program.
