Suchergebnisse

Evidence based Public Health is the execution and evaluation of the efficiency of interventions, plans, programs, projects and politics in public health through the application of the scientific principles of reasoning, including the systematic use of information and information systems. Evidence based public health involves the use of methodologies similar to those applied in evidence-based clinical medicine, but differs in its contents. In public health two types of evidence are described. The type I evidence in which a strong relation exists between the preventable risk and disease, and type II evidence in which there exists a relative effectivity of the public health interventions. In evidence based Public Health research designs more appropriate for the social sciences are used, as the observational and quasi-experimental studies. Likewise the decisions are more of interdisciplinary teams. ; La Salud Pública Basada en la Evidencia es la ejecución y la evaluación de la efectividad de intervenciones, planes, programas, proyectos y políticas en salud pública a través de la aplicación de los principios de razonamiento científicos, incluyendo el uso sistemático de datos y sistemas de información. La evidencia en salud pública implica la utilización de metodologías similares a las aplicadas en la evidencia en medicina clínica pero que difieren en sus contenidos, es así que en salud pública se describen dos tipos de evidencia. La evidencia tipo I en la cual existe una fuerte relación entre el riesgo prevenible y la enfermedad y la tipo II en la que existe una efectividad relativa de las intervenciones en salud pública. En Salud Pública Basada en la Evidencia se utilizan diseños de investigación más propios de las ciencias sociales como son los estudios observacionales y cuasi-experimentales. Así mismo las decisiones son más de equipos interdisciplinarios.

Health policies in Bogotá, D.C. are influenced by a context and several factors which define their purposes and their practical reach: the conceptual approach to the health-disease problem, focused on the factors which determine health, the international context of globalization, the dominant political project which has been included in Bogota's Development Plan, and the city's and its population's health problems. The main health policies of Bogotá, D.C. are described from this perspective. ; Las políticas públicas en salud en el Distrito Capital están influenciadas por un contexto y unos factores que delimitan sus propósitos y su alcance práctico: el enfoque conceptual del proceso salud enfermedad, centrado en los determinantes de la salud, el contexto internacional de globalización, el proyecto político dominante que se ha traducido en el Plan de Desarrollo de Bogotá y, los problemas y necesidades en salud de la ciudad y su población. Desde esta perspectiva se reseñan las principales políticas en salud del Distrito Capital.

En los instrumentos de recolección de información acerca de los individuos que conforman un hogar se parte de la designación de un "jefe" como un principio ordenador, sin que la definición de jefatura sea aclarada al informante. Utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Planificación Familiar 1995 (Conapo), este artículo analiza los factores asociados a la designación de la jefatura de los hogares, tanto para hombres como para mujeres, y los relativos a la jefatura establecida a partir del papel de los individuos en las funciones de aportantes de ingreso y tomadores de decisiones, comúnmente identificadas como atributos del jefe del hogar.

En este trabajo se analiza la importancia de los hijos para el mantenimiento de la población de la tercera edad que reside en localidades rurales. El estudio se enmarca en el interés más amplio de revisar las hipótesis relativas a la transición de la fecundidad. El ejercicio que aquí se presenta incluye la revisión de la opinión de las personas entrevistadas sobre la reducción del tamaño de la familia y el control deliberado de los nacimientos y su relación con la percepción que ellos tienen del valor de los hijos.Los datos se recopilaron en el estudio microrregional sobre los "Determinantes del uso de métodos anticonceptivos en el área rural de México". La información corresponde a la región de Temascaltepec, compuesta por tres localidades con menos de 1 500 habitantes, en el Estado de México. Se emplean datos obtenidos mediante cuestionarios estructurados e información de historias de vida de una submuestra aleatoria de parejas o personas de 60 años o más. Se describe la dinámica de las unidades domésticas y el tipo y estructura de los hogares en los que residían las personas de 60 años o más.Se describe la dinámica de las unidades domésticas y el tipo y estructura de los hogares en los que residían las personas de 60 años o más. Se analiza la percepción de los padres sobre el valor de los hijos, registrándose un fuerte contenido económico o de asistencia instrumental, que va cambiando conforme los hijos van transcurriendo por su ciclo de vida individual. Para identificar las formas de manutención de las personas de mayor edad se revisó su participación en la actividad económica, observándose que los individuos tienen que continuar trabajando para su manutención hasta edades avanzadas.Con respecto a las condiciones en que los hijos apoyan a sus padres en la vejez, se indagó sobre la ayuda económica que cada uno de ellos brindaba. Finalmente se presentan las preferencias sobre el tamaño de la familia de la población de 60 años o más y las razones expresadas por las mujeres sobre la conveniencia de controlar la fecundidad y reducir el tamaño de la familia, en que incluyen principalmente tres tipo de costos: el costo económico que representó la manutención y el cuidado de los hijos; el costo emocional que implicó su crianza y en cierta forma la reproducción de la pobreza, y el costo en salud derivado de los embarazos y partos.

This article presents the life stories of six indigenous women from the Amazonian region, who coordinate local women processes through indigenous organizations and networks. Since the political and legal visibility of violence against indigenous women in Colombia is weak and limited, we aim to analyze their experiences from an intersectional perspective. For this purpose, we employed multiple methodologies, including body mapping and social cartography. Thus, by reconstructing their experiences and attempts to make visible violence against them, we could perceive some of its multiple modalities, which are quickly captured by the great category. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor and Francis Group.

This is the first study dealing with removal of the pharmaceutical substances in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) from Peru and the impact of these compounds in surface waters receiving treated wastewater. To this aim, samples from MWWTP of Lima (Peruvian Coast), MWWTP of Cusco, Puno and Juliaca (Peruvian Highlands), as well surface water (confluence of Torococha and Coata rivers in Juliaca) were analyzed. A total of 38 target pharmaceuticals were included in this study and were determined by Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Around 60% and 75% of the target pharmaceuticals could be quantified in surface water and MWWTPs, respectively. Acetaminophen was the drug found at the highest concentration, and it was present in all the treated wastewater samples reaching average values above 100 μg/L in the department of Puno. The gabapentin anti-epileptic drug (up to 11.85 μg/L in MWWTP Lima) and the antibiotics clarithromycin, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and azithromycin (1.86 to 4.47 μg/L in MWWTP Lima) were also found at moderate concentrations in the treated wastewater. In surface water, the highest concentration corresponded also to acetaminophen (28.70 μg/L) followed by sulfamethoxazole (4.36 μg/L). As regards the pharmaceuticals removal, data of this work showed that the MWWTP Cusco (aerobic biologic process by synthetic trickling filters as secondary treatment) was more efficient than the MWWTP Lima (a preliminary treatment that combines grilles, sand trap, degreaser-aerated and sieved of 1.0 mm). However, many pharmaceuticals (around 50% of the compounds investigated) presented concentrations in treated wastewater similar or even higher than in influent wastewater. The environmental ecological risk of pharmaceuticals was assessed based on calculated Risk Quotient (RQ) in the treated wastewater and surface water from the concentration data found in the samples. According to our data, three antibiotics (clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin) and the analgesic acetaminophen posed high environmental risk (RQ ≥ 1) on the aquatic environment. In the river, all antibiotics (except norfloxacin) as well as the analgesic-anti-inflammatory compounds acetaminophen, diclofenac posed a high environmental risk (RQ ≥ 1). Based on data reported in this work for the first time in water samples from Peru, it can be deduced that the treatment processes applied in important cities from Peru are not enough efficient to remove pharmaceuticals in wastewater. As a consequence, severe environmental risks associated to the presence of pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater and surface water are expected; so complementary treatment processes should be implemented in the MWWTPs for a more efficient elimination of these compounds. © 2021 The Author(s) ; This research was supported by Peruvian Government Funds (CP N? 8682-PE-BM-Fondecyt/Concytec, Project N? 32-2018-Fondecyt-BM-IADT-AV). The authors thank Ruth Flores Terreros and Kevin Celis Llamocca for taking the wastewater samples from MWWTP Lima; Ing. C?sar Iberos from ALA Juliaca for the accompaniment to take wastewater samples from MWWTP Juliaca; SEDACUSCO, and SEDAPAL with Group Cobra Per? for allowing the authorization of the taking of wastewater samples from MWWTP Cusco and Lima, respectively. Authors from IUPA (UJI) acknowledge the financial support of Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci?n y Universidades, Spain (Ref RTI 2018-097417-B-100) and Generalitat Valenciana (Research Group of Excellence, Prometeo 2019/040).

Colombia has a comprehensive system of truth, justice and reparation stemming from its history with the justice and peace process and its most recent peace agreement. Although indigenous women are the most affected before, during and after conflict, their participation is marginalized within this political context. This article discusses how Colombian transitional justice can be reconfigured when indigenous women's practices and knowledge travel 'from the margins' to the center. We seek to demonstrate how these practices legitimize gender and other types of violence in the name of tradition and also how indigenous women's experiences go beyond the gendered perspective of violence as a 'weapon of war.' Working within the context of the peace process, we gathered data through learning and teaching techniques with indigenous women in three indigenous contexts (Sierra, Pan-Amazon region and Chocó). Our focus is on the interaction between local transitional justice practices and the violence against indigenous women, their resistance practices and the peacebuilding agendas used to implement transitional justice in Colombia. © The Author (2017). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Sub-Saharan African countries as a group showed a considerable reduction in public and external indebtedness in the early 2000s as a result of debt relief programs, higher economic growth, and improved fiscal management for some countries. More recently, however, vulnerabilities in some countries are on the rise, including a few with very rapid debt accumulation. This paper looks at the heterogeneous experiences across Sub-Saharan African countries and the detailed dynamics that have driven changes in public debt since the global financial crisis. Borrowing to support fiscal deficits since 2009, including through domestic markets and Eurobond issuance, has driven a net increase in public debt for all countries except oil exporters benefitting from buoyant commodity prices and fragile states receiving post-2008 Highly Indebted Poor Country relief. Current account deficits and foreign direct investment inflows drove the external debt dynamics, with balance of payments problems associated with very rapid external debt accumulation in some cases. Pockets of increasing vulnerabilities of debt financing profiles and sensitivity of debt burden indicators to macro-fiscal shocks require close monitoring. Specific risks that policy makers in Sub-Saharan Africa need to pay attention to going forward include the recent fall in commodity prices, especially oil, the slowdown in China and the sluggish recovery in Europe, dependence on non-debt-creating flows, and accounting for contingent liabilities.

Interlacing techniques were introduced in the early analog TV transmission systems as an efficient mechanism capable of halving the video bandwidth. Currently, interlacing is also used by some modern digital TV transmission systems, however, there is a problem at the receiver side since the majority of modern display devices require a progressive scanning. De-interlacing algorithms convert an interlaced video signal into a progressive one by performing interpolation. To achieve good de-interlacing results, dynamical and local image features should be considered. The gradual adaptation of the de-interlacing technique as a function of the level of motion detected in each pixel is a powerful method that can be carried out by means of fuzzy inference. The starting point of our study is an algorithm that uses a fuzzy inference system to evaluate motion locally (FMA algorithm). Our approach is based on convolution techniques to process a fuzzy rulebase for motion-adaptive de-interlacing. Different strategies based on bi-dimensional convolution techniques are proposed. In particular, the algorithm called 'single convolution algorithm' introduces significant advantages: a more accurate measurement of the level of motion using a matrix of weights, and a unique fuzzification process after the global estimation, which reduces the computational cost. Different architectures for the hardware implementation of this algorithm are described in VHDL language. The physical realization is carried out on a RC100 Celoxica FPGA development board. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. ; This work was partially supported by MOBY-DIC project FP7-INFSO-ICT-248858 (www.mobydic-project.eu) from European Community, TIN2005-08943-C02-01 and TEC2008-04920 projects from the Spanish Government (with support from the European Regional Development Fund), and P08-TIC-03674 project from the Andalusian Regional Government. ; Peer Reviewed

Comunicación presentada a la "10th International Conference, KES" celebrada en Bournemouth (UK) del 9 al 11 de Octubre del 2006.-- El pdf es la versión post-print. ; A motion adaptive algorithm for video de-interlacing is presented in this paper. It is based on a fuzzy inference system, which performs an interpolation between two linear techniques as a function of the motion level. Fuzzy systems with different number of ¿if-then¿ rules have been analyzed and compared in terms of complexity as well as efficiency in de-interlacing benchmark video sequences. ; This work has been partially funded by the project TEC2005-04359/MIC from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, and TIC2006-635 from the Andalusian Regional Government. The first author is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education under the program F.P.U for Phd. students. ; Peer Reviewed

High-quality information and scientifically underpinned data is needed in support of decision taking and good governance in coastal zones. Good governance does not only pursue effective policies and efficient administration. It also aims at building capacity and commitment within society, by supporting a flow of objective and reliable information towards the stakeholders and the wider public, and in a format that is useful and relevant for its purpose. A set of sustainability indicators (SI) addressing the complexity of ecological, environmental and socio-economic issues involved in achieving an integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) can provide an answer in a format that is useful for policymakers and is an effective communication tool towards a wider range of stakeholders. In a demonstration session, the sustainability indicators (SI) for coastal zones are presented and interactive tools to search, visualize and download data, are displayed. The SI form part of a wider information system for Belgium, as developed by the Coordination Centre for ICZM (www.kustbeheer.be); the SAIL partnership in the southern North Sea (www.vliz.be/projects/SAIL) and European DEDUCE project (INTERREG IIIC South - www.deduce.eu). The initiatives are developed within the framework of the objectives as set forward in the EU Recommendation concerning the implementation of ICZM.