Suchergebnisse

Introduction -- Indigenous teaching: nature protects you as long as you protect nature -- Eco-colonialism of indigenous landscapes -- Birth of Western conservation -- Indigenous stewardship and management of lands -- Eco-wars : seeking environmental justice -- Tierra Madre : indigenous women & eco-feminism -- Ancestral foods : cooking with fresh banana leaves -- Indigenizing conservation : healing indigenous landscapes.

Los Circuitos Cortos de Comercialización (CCC) son formas de circulación de productos agroalimentarios que tienen como finalidad el acercamiento de productores y consumidores, la promoción del comercio justo y el acceso a alimentos locales. El estudio de los CCC es un área del conocimiento en desarrollo. El objetivo de la investigación es realizar un análisis bibliométrico sobre la evolución y el estado actual de la investigación científica internacional de los CCC e identificar las tendencias y oportunidades de investigación específicamente en Latinoamérica. Para ello, se realizó un análisis bibliométrico, mediante las bases de datos Dimensions y Redalyc, durante el periodo 2000 al 2021 y se procesaron en el software VOSwiever. Los resultados arrojan un total de 253 documentos y se determina que Europa representa el 67% de la investigación sobre CCC; no obstante, en América del Norte y América Latina se observa una creciente producción de investigaciones, principalmente en estudios de caso, las cuales representan el 25%. Las áreas del conocimiento donde hay mayores estudios son las ciencias sociales, la administración y la economía. Se concluye que Covid-19, seguridad alimentaria y políticas agroalimentarias son áreas de oportunidad para la investigación vinculada a los Circuitos Cortos de Comercialización en Latinoamérica.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; [Background] The identification of signatures of natural selection has long been used as an approach to understanding the unique features of any given species. Genes within segmental duplications are overlooked in most studies of selection due to the limitations of draft nonhuman genome assemblies and to the methodological reliance on accurate gene trees, which are difficult to obtain for duplicated genes. ; [Results] In this work, we detected exons with an accumulation of high-quality nucleotide differences between the human assembly and shotgun sequencing reads from single human and macaque individuals. Comparing the observed rates of nucleotide differences between coding exons and their flanking intronic sequences with a likelihood-ratio test, we identified 74 exons with evidence for rapid coding sequence evolution during the evolution of humans and Old World monkeys. Fifty-five percent of rapidly evolving exons were either partially or totally duplicated, which is a significant enrichment of the 6% rate observed across all human coding exons. ; [Conclusions] Our results provide a more comprehensive view of the action of selection upon segmental duplications, which are the most complex regions of our genomes. In light of these findings, we suggest that segmental duplications could be subjected to rapid evolution more frequently than previously thought. ; The Spanish Government for grants BFU2009-13409-C02-02 to AN and BFU2011-28549 to TM-B. The European Community for an ERC Starting Grant (StG_20091118)) to TM-B. We dedicate this paper to the memory of our co-author Jon Bleyhl. ; Peer Reviewed

Prado-Martinez, Javier et al. ; Most great ape genetic variation remains uncharacterized1,2; however, its study is critical for understanding population history3–6, recombination7, selection8 and susceptibility to disease9,10.Herewe sequence to high coverage a total of 79 wild- and captive-born individuals representing all six great ape species and seven subspecies and report 88.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Our analysis provides support for genetically distinct populations within each species, signals of gene flow, and the split of common chimpanzees into two distinct groups: Nigeria–Cameroon/western and central/ eastern populations.Wefind extensive inbreeding in almost all wild populations, with eastern gorillas being the most extreme. Inferred effective population sizes have varied radically over timein different lineages and this appears to have a profound effect on the genetic diversity at, or close to, genes in almost all species. We discover and assign 1,982 loss-of-function variants throughout the human and great ape lineages, determining that the rate of gene loss has not been different in the human branch compared to other internal branches in the great ape phylogeny. This comprehensive catalogue of great ape genomediversity provides a framework for understanding evolution and a resource for more effective management of wild and captive great ape populations. ; We thank the following funding agencies: ERC Starting Grant (260372) to T.M.-B.; NIH grants HG002385 to E.E.E., R01_HG005226 to K.R.V., A.E.W., M.F.H., L.S. and J.D.W., GM100233 and NSF HOMINID grant 1032255 to D.R. and He.Li.;MICINN(Spain)BFU2011-28549to T.M.-B.,BFU2010-19443to Ja.Be.,Spanish Government and FEDER for grants BFU2009-13409-C02-02 and BFU2012-38236 to A.N. and J.P.-M., Direccio´ General de Recerca, Generalitat de Catalunya (Grup de Recerca Consolidat 2009 SGR 1101) to Ja.Be., D.C., A.N. and T.M.-B.; ERC Advanced Grant (233297) and Max Planck Society to S. Paabo; Danish Council for Independent Research Natural Sciences to H.S.; Spanish Grant (CGL-2010-20170) and Zoo de Barcelona (Beca PRIC) to A.R.-H.; EUPRIM-Net to BPRC; DP1ES022577-04 NIH grant to S.A.T.; NSF Grant 0755823 to M.K.G.; P.G. is supported by the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Foundation. A.N. and T.M.-B. are ICREA Research Investigators (Institut Catala d'Estudis i RecercaAvancats delaGeneralitat deCatalunya). J.P.-M. is supported by the Zoo de Barcelona and l'Ajuntament de Barcelona. ; Peer reviewed