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Background and Study Aims Stereotactic biopsy is a versatile, minimally invasive technique to obtain tissue safely from intracranial lesions for their histologic diagnosis and therapeutic management. Our objective was to determine the anatomical, radiologic, and technical factors that can affect the diagnostic yield of this technique. We suggest recommendations to improve its use in clinical practice.
Methods This retrospective study evaluated 407 patients who underwent stereotactic biopsies in the past 34 years. The surgical methodology changed through time, distinguished by three distinct periods. Different stereotactic frames (Todd-Wells, CRW, Leksell), neuroimaging tests, and planning programs were used. Using SPSS software v.23, we analyzed a total of 50 variables for each case.
Results The series included 265 men (65.1%) and 142 women (34.9%) (average age 53.8 years). The diagnostic yield was 90.4%, morbidity was 5.65% (n = 17), and mortality was 0.98% (n = 4). Intraoperative biopsy improved accuracy (p = 0.024). Biopsies of deep lesions (p = 0.043), without contrast enhancement (p = 0.004), edema (p = 0.036), extensive necrosis (p = 0.028), or a large cystic component (p = 0.023) resulted in a worse diagnostic yield. Neurosurgeons inexperienced in stereotactic techniques obtained more nondiagnostic biopsies (p = 0.043). Experience was the clearest predictive factor of diagnostic yield (odds ratio: 4.049).
Conclusions Increased experience in stereotactic techniques, use of the most suitable magnetic resonance imaging sequences during biopsy planning, and intraoperative evaluation of the sample before finalizing the collection are recommended features and ways to improve the diagnostic yield of this technique.

Desde mediados del siglo XX se ha instalado en América Latina el concepto de desarrollo económico(Ornelas, 2009). Los antiguos relatos de la modernidad, modernización, retraso y progreso en el siglo XIX, se materializaban en los países latinoamericanos en sus agendas gubernamentales, en organismos regionales y propuestas político estatales, las cuales apuntaban a su alcance, redefinición, expansión y proyección en un circuito global que cada vez asumía mayor complejidad e interrelación (Castells, 2005; Lipset & Solari, 1967).

Air quality measurement is a topic of a great interest for any country due to health and environmental reasons. Tis issue is more critical in low-incomes countries since the air quality is generally worse than in developed countries and the governments give fewer budget to lead environmental policy and research. This explains the increasing demand for low-cost dust optical sensors like the Shinyei PPD24NS during the last years. However, those sensors present mixed results in terms of precision and repeatability, especially in case of new applications like the ones in moving context. Moreover, few or confuse information exists on those sensors functioning and conditions of use and the manufacturer does not provide any comprehensive guideline. The present article aims at filling this gap, providing a real study of the internal sensor operating. This includes: a detailed, theoretical and practical, analysis of the electric diagram, a characterization of the airflow through the optical chamber, an output behavior analysis based on particulate matter concentration and some algorithmic issues guideline. The article ends by providing useful tips and recommendations as well as some tracks to improve its precision for new applications.

2665 2668 10 29 ; S ; This paper was published in JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josab/viewmedia.cfm?URI=josab-29-10-2665&seq=0&origin=search. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law [EN] A study of the surface modification induced by single femtosecond laser pulses in phosphate glass has revealed surface swelling at fluences just below the ablation threshold. This behavior is different from that observed in other dielectric materials. Optical micrographs obtained with monochromatic light show a pattern of Newton rings within the swollen region whose number scales inversely with the illumination wavelength, acting as a micro Fabry-Perot etalon. The swollen surface layer has lower refractive index than the bulk glass and can reach a maximum thickness of 820 nm. We relate these findings to results obtained during subsurface waveguide writing inside phosphate glass, which also show a refractive index decrease at energies near threshold for waveguide fabrication. We have identified low density free-electron plasma to be the trigger of the refractive index change. © 2012 Optical Society of America. We thank Daniel Jaque from the Fluorescence Imaging Group at the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid for providing access to and helping with the confocal microfluorescence imaging system, as well as for many fruitful discussions. We are also grateful to Susana Marcos and Carlos Dorronsoro from IO-CSIC for providing access and assistance to the OIM. This work has been partially supported by the Spanish TEC 2008-01183 and TEC2011-22422. D. Puerto acknowledges his grant of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education under TEC 2005-0007 and JCI-2010-07479. Puerto Garcia, D.; Siegel, J.; Ferrer, A.; ...

El problema de la inserción y/o consolidación de las mujeres en la ciencia ha sido muy estudiado. Sin embargo, el debate pareciera no avanzar sobre el problema de la experiencia simbólica de las mujeres en la ciencia con un menor tratamiento empírico. El presente texto, utilizando un instrumento que busca comprender si existen patrones de homofilia de género en un grupo diverso de científicos chilenos. Es decir, busca revelar si las personas que se dedican a la ciencia tienen una tendencia a mencionar a otros como sus referentes sólo si cumplen alguna condición -en este caso, de género- que sea similar a la suya. Los resultados muestran una clara tendencia en la forma en que las personas que se dedican a la ciencia evalúan la influencia de otros en función de su homofilia de género. Este factor interviniente puede estar jugando un rol clave en la reproducción de las desigualdades y asimetrías constitutivas del campo científico chileno.

[EN] The aim of this article is to offer a review of the impact the different methodologies of analysis have on social enterprises, focusing the study on processes that establish a greater universality based on the degree of success achieved in their social objectives, the social reinvestment of their benefits and their democratic organisation, parameters that should favour the creation of a clear and simple method, as well as adaptable to change. The systematics will allow to establish systems for the measurement of the efficiency of social enterprises, in order to both organise objective procedures of comparison and offer support when applying for public aid derived from European and national funds set up for this purpose. The quantification of the social impact of the companies that constitute the social economy is vital to assess and follow up on their social mission. ; Ballester-Miquel, JC.; Perez-Ruiz, P.; Hernandez-Gadea, J.; De Juan Jordán, H.; Guijarro García, M. (2017). Efficiency in Social Enterprises. Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences. 4(2):61-79. doi:10.4995/muse.2017.7329 ; SWORD ; 61 ; 79 ; 4 ; 2 ; Chaves R. & Monzon, J.L. (2012): La economía social en la UE, CESE, Bruselas ; Comisión EUROPEA (2010): Comunicación Una estrategia para crecimiento inteligente, sostenible e integrador, COM (2010) 3/3/2010 Comisión Europea. Bruselas ; Comisión EUROPEA (2014): Comunicación Balance de la Estrategia Europa 2020 para un crecimiento inteligente, sostenible e integrador COM (2014) 130 Final, 5 de Marzo, Comisión Europea Bruselas. ; Comisión EUROPEA (2014): Comunicación relativa a un marco estratégico de la UE en materia de salud y seguridad en el trabajo, COM (2014) 332 Final, 6 de Junio, Comisión Europea Bruselas. ; Comisión EUROPEA (2015): Comunicación Programa de trabajo de 2016, COM (2015) 610 Final, 27 de Septiembre, Comisión Europea Bruselas. ; Comisión EUROPEA (2015): Comunicación Un sistema de imposición de las sociedades justo y eficaz en la Unión ...

The repositioning or "repurposing" of existing therapies for alternative disease indications is an attractive approach that can save significant investments of time and money during drug development. For cancer indications, the primary goal of repurposed therapies is on efficacy, with less restriction on safety due to the immediate need to treat this patient population. This report provides a high-level overview of how drug developers pursuing repurposed assets have previously navigated funding efforts, regulatory affairs, and intellectual property laws to commercialize these "new" medicines in oncology. This article provides insight into funding programs (e.g., government grants and philanthropic organizations) that academic and corporate initiatives can leverage to repurpose drugs for cancer. In addition, we highlight previous examples where secondary uses of existing, Food and Drug Administration- or European Medicines Agency-approved therapies have been predicted in silico and successfully validated in vitro and/or in vivo (i.e., animal models and human clinical trials) for certain oncology indications. Finally, we describe the strategies that the pharmaceutical industry has previously employed to navigate regulatory considerations and successfully commercialize their drug products. These factors must be carefully considered when repurposing existing drugs for cancer to best benefit patients and drug developers alike.

61 79 4 2 ; SWORD ; [EN] The aim of this article is to offer a review of the impact the different methodologies of analysis have on social enterprises, focusing the study on processes that establish a greater universality based on the degree of success achieved in their social objectives, the social reinvestment of their benefits and their democratic organisation, parameters that should favour the creation of a clear and simple method, as well as adaptable to change. The systematics will allow to establish systems for the measurement of the efficiency of social enterprises, in order to both organise objective procedures of comparison and offer support when applying for public aid derived from European and national funds set up for this purpose. The quantification of the social impact of the companies that constitute the social economy is vital to assess and follow up on their social mission. Ballester-Miquel, JC.; Perez-Ruiz, P.; Hernandez-Gadea, J.; De Juan Jordán, H.; Guijarro García, M. (2017). Efficiency in Social Enterprises. Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences. 4(2):61-79. doi:10.4995/muse.2017.7329

Due to their ease of isolation and their properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely investigated. MSCs have been proved capable of migration towards areas of inflammation, including tumors. Therefore, they have been suggested as vectors to carry therapies, specifically to neoplasias. As most of the individuals joining clinical trials that use MSCs for cancer and other pathologies are carefully recruited and do not suffer from other diseases, here we decided to study the safety and application of iv-injected MSCs in animals simultaneously induced with different inflammatory pathologies (diabetes, wound healing and tumors). We studied this by in vitro and in vivo approaches using different gene reporters (GFP, hNIS, and f-Luc) and non-invasive techniques (PET, BLI, or fluorescence). Our results found that MSCs reached different organs depending on the previously induced pathology. Moreover, we evaluated the property of MSCs to target tumors as vectors to deliver adenoviruses, including the interaction between tumor microenvironment and MSCs on their arrival. Mechanisms such as transdifferentiation, MSC fusion with cells, or paracrine processes after MSCs homing were studied, increasing the knowledge and safety of this new therapy for cancer. ; This research was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (PI19/01007 and DTS21/00130) and by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Feder) "Una manera de hacer Europa". We also thank CIBER-BBN and CIBERONC an initiative funded by the VI National R&D&i Plan 2008–2011 financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) with the assistance of the European Regional Development Fund. This study was also partially funded by the Aragon Government (Ph.D. Grant No.r B054/12) and cofounded by Aragon/FEDER 2014–2020 "Building Europe from Aragon". This research was funded by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) SAF2015-69964-R, RTI2018-099343-B-100 and from the CiberOnc by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (to ADlV). ; Sí

Cáncer de mama; Metástasis; Pez cebra ; Càncer de mama; Metàstasi; Peix zebra ; Breast cancer; Metastasis; Zebrafish ; Background: Cancer metastasis is a deathly process, and a better understanding of the different steps is needed. The shedding of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and CTC-cluster from the primary tumor, its survival in circulation, and homing are key events of the metastasis cascade. In vitro models of CTCs and in vivo models of metastasis represent an excellent opportunity to delve into the behavior of metastatic cells, to gain understanding on how secondary tumors appear. Methods: Using the zebrafish embryo, in combination with the mouse and in vitro assays, as an in vivo model of the spatiotemporal development of metastases, we study the metastatic competency of breast cancer CTCs and CTC-clusters and the molecular mechanisms. Results: CTC-clusters disseminated at a lower frequency than single CTCs in the zebrafish and showed a reduced capacity to invade. A temporal follow-up of the behavior of disseminated CTCs showed a higher survival and proliferation capacity of CTC-clusters, supported by their increased resistance to fluid shear stress. These data were corroborated in mouse studies. In addition, a differential gene signature was observed, with CTC-clusters upregulating cell cycle and stemness related genes. Conclusions: The zebrafish embryo is a valuable model system to understand the biology of breast cancer CTCs and CTC-clusters. ; This work was supported by Roche-Chus Joint Unit (IN853B 2018/03) funded by Axencia Galega de Innovación (GAIN), Consellería de Economía, Emprego e Industria. I.M.-P. is funded by the Training Program for Academic Staff fellowship (FPU16/01018), from the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, Spanish Government. P.H. is funded by a Predoctoral fellowship (IN606A-2018/019) from Axencia Galega de Innovación (GAIN, Xunta de Galicia). N.C.-U. is funded by Axudas Predoutorais do IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago).