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With most of the world's fisheries in a state of crisis, environmental groups have started to take a keen interest in the management of marine resources. As initiatives of a more official stripe, such as the UN Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, have strengthened the case for environmental action, several groups and organizations have launched political campaigns against current management practices. This article analyzes the fisheries campaigns of three major environmental organizations: Greenpeace International, the World Wide Fund for Nature and Friends of the Earth, Norway. What are the objectives and concerns of these groups and how do they "translate" into strategies and action? Judging from the cases reported in this article, environmental action in the fisheries bears little resemblance to earlier crusades against whaling and sealing. The commitment to sustainable and responsible fishing, even among industry representatives, represents a significant change iin the opportunity structure of environmental groups—strengthening their legitimacy as stakeholders in fisheries management. The outcome, as for the organization and orchestration of fisheries campaigns, is a stronger emphasis on cooperation and participation—at the expense of direct and disruptive action.

With most of the world's fisheries in a state of crisis, environmental groups have started to take a keen interest in the management of marine resources. As initiatives of a more official stripe, such as the UN Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, have strengthened the case for environmental action, several groups & organizations have launched political campaigns against current management practices. This article analyzes the fisheries campaigns of three major environmental organizations: Greenpeace International, the World Wide Fund for Nature, & Friends of the Earth, Norway. What are the objectives & concerns of these groups & how do they "translate" into strategies & action? Judging from the cases reported in this article, environmental action in the fisheries bears little resemblance to earlier crusades against whaling & sealing. The commitment to sustainable & responsible fishing, even among industry representatives, represents a significant change in the opportunity structure of environmental groups -- strengthening their legitimacy as stakeholders in fisheries management. The outcome, as for the organization & orchestration of fisheries campaigns, is a stronger emphasis on cooperation & participation -- at the expense of direct & disruptive action. 17 References. Adapted from the source document.

This paper discusses the impact of new media on local politics and politicians in a highly digitalised and advanced democracy. Through case studies and interviews of elite representatives in three Norwegian municipalities, the paper's ambition is to gain further understanding of the use of new media at the local political level and how new media influence and shape the role of local political representatives. To this aim we engage with established literature on new media use in campaigns and as self-promotion, as well as literature on new media and democracy. The main findings are that the use of new media, particularly Facebook, is widespread, hardening the political debate, and especially straining for younger women. Moreover, new media contribute to the "professionalizing" of political communication as they require more strategic thinking around messaging and engagement. While they have in some ways contributed to bringing local representatives closer to the citizens and provided valuable information, they have also produced "echo-chamber" effects. In sum, new media provide challenges and opportunities that may impact one's willingness to stand as a representative and contribute to creating new "types" of local politicians.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgments -- List of abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Indigenous rights and governance theory: An introduction -- Introduction -- Indigenous governance -- A turn from definitive rights -- Turning to multilevel governance -- Implementation gap and local variations -- Business and human rights -- Governance -- Interactive governance -- Levels -- Discussion -- Case studies -- References -- Chapter 2: International law, state compliance and wind power: Gaelpie (Kalvvatnan) and beyond -- Introduction -- Background: interpretations of international law -- State compliance -- The case of Kalvvatnan power plant and the ministerial decision -- Background and overall review -- Consultations -- Selected reference cases -- Considering the case of Kalvvatnan -- Discussion -- De jure compliance -- De facto compliance -- Results of state compliance -- State-right-holders-industry interactions -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: Reindeer husbandry vs. wind energy: Analysis of the Pauträsk and Norrbäck court decisions in Sweden -- Introduction -- Cases background -- Legal background -- Court assessments -- Decisions of the land and environmental court (2017) -- Decisions of the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal (2019) -- Limits of court decisions -- Uncertainties of court assessment -- Balancing of national and local sustainability interests -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Indigenous agency in aquaculture development in Norway and New Zealand -- Introduction -- Indigenous political agency -- Indigenous agency in aquaculture development in Norway and New Zealand -- Methods and data -- Māori marine resource rights context in Aotearoa-New Zealand.

Worldwide, there are tensions over resources and territories between Indigenous peoples and extractive industries. That these tensions have increased and become more intense is no surprise, given historical records and current land encroachments. Still, efforts at cooperation by Indigenous peoples and industry are by no means unheard of. Indigenous peoples have successfully secured rights through international law, improving participation and enhancing self-determination as a people equal to other peoples. The business sector has also increasingly reformed its approach to human rights. This book is based on projects studying how Indigenous peoples interact with different industries—mining, aquaculture and renewable energy—and how the interaction is framed by international law, national legislation and policies, and business approaches. Our theoretical framework for understanding new forms of governance that involve actors from government (state), market and civil society is interactive governance theory formulated by Jan Kooiman and others. This chapter presents the background on Indigenous rights, discusses the framework of interactive governance and outlines the chapters of the book.

This chapter gives an overview of the findings from all the case studies in this book about the governance triangle between states, industries and Indigenous peoples in the fields of mining, aquaculture and wind power development. In this concluding chapter, these findings are interpreted from the perspective of meta-governance, a concept which focuses on normative consensus-building and clarity between different modes of governance—hierarchical, state-led governance, market governance and locally based network governance. From this perspective, the main conclusion is that the role of the state, despite the different forms of the statehood in the cases ranging from Nordic welfare states and the Russian authoritarian state to Canadian, Australian and New Zealandic settler states, is central in each mode of governance and between them in leveling the playing field for Indigenous peoples. This finding is in contrast to the popular claims of the withdrawal of states in natural resource governance.

AbstractInstitutions have significant implications for whether and how energy systems restructure, evolve, and successfully transition. Yet, literature analyzing energy sector reforms often approach transitions from economic or technical perspectives, with much less attention to the underlying roles and influences of institutions. This paper explores the roles and influence of institutions on the speed, direction, timing, and sequence of energy transitions. A conceptual framework integrating the hierarchy of institutions with an historical institutionalist approach is developed and applied to explore transitions in Norway's electricity sector as a case study. Results show that conversion followed by layering emerge as the dominant modes of institutional change in Norway's electricity sector reform, illustrating the importance of alignment between institutions in creating the conditions for large‐scale energy transitions and the importance of boundaries to maintain alignment between levels of institutions. Governments can minimize potential gaps between transition intentions and outcomes through effective conversion and layering of institutional arrangements, but layering challenges emerge when institutional change introduces new actors or energy arenas to existing policy paradigms.

Modern states underwent two major transformations that produced first, the liberal capitalist state and second, the welfare state. Each was accompanied by the migration of a previously confrontational movement into the core of the state. In the creation of the liberal capitalist state, the bourgeoisie could harmonize with the state's emerging interest in economic growth. In the creation of the welfare state, the organized working class could harmonize with the state's emerging interest in legitimating the political economy by curbing capitalism's instability and inequality. We show that environmental conservation could now emerge as a core state interest, growing out of these established economic and legitimation imperatives. This examination is grounded in a comparative historical study of four countries: the USA, Norway, Germany, and the UK, each of which exemplifies a particular kind of interest representation. We show why the USA was an environmental pioneer around 1970, why it was then eclipsed by Norway, and why Germany now leads in addressing environmental concerns.