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The purpose of this research is to explore the localization of social distancing norm in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic has spread globally, affecting many aspects of human life. WHO, as a world health authority, encourages the implementation of social distancing norm to prevent the spread of Covid-19. However, countries around the world use various strategies to implement social distancing, such as lockdowns or social restrictions. Using Finnemore and Sikkink's norm life cycle and Amithav Acharya's norm localization, this article finds that the internalization and localization of social distancing norm in Indonesia are carried out through four efforts: determining the Covid-19 pandemic as a national disaster, forming a task force for the acceleration of Covid-19 countermeasures, and establishing social restriction policies through the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) and the Enforcement of Restrictions on Community Activities (PPKM) policies and socializing new habits such as maintaining distance and using masks. The localization of the social distancing norm is influenced by the domestic situation and the local norm of helping each other which is implemented through various movements such as jaga tangga, 3N1, canthelan, etc.

This paper tries to discuss diplomatic governance study on Indonesian decision-making and implementing foreign policy. Diplomatic governance is a concept that is adopted from democratic study on how to manage transparent and accountable decison-making policy. The discourse on diplomatic governance is expected to improve effectivity and efficiency of Indonesian foreign policy in achieving its national interests. Foreign policy that will be the focus of this paper is Indonesiaan foreign policy of administrative–based economy. In the last 10 years, this policy have been constractedserious problems such as corruption, lack of protection of Indonesian citizen abroad and crisis on law-politics issues such as dispute resolution in International Court of Justice in the case of Sipadan and Ligitan Islands.This paper considers that the lacks of effective and efficient of Indonesian foreign policy in articulating Indonesia"s national interests in international fora are closely related to the low governance negotiation discourse in the formulation and implementation of Indonesia's foreign policy.

This paper aims to describe how the issue of disasters in Indonesia can be modified into a positive social capital to solve social, economic, political and social culture's problems in disaster prone areas. This paper found that Indonesia's disaster managements get worldwide recognition and increases Indonesia's competitiveness toward other countries. These recognitions become the sources of Indonesia's soft power, and can be used as a strategic instrument to build regional cooperation and international collaboration to improve infrastructure that can reduce the degree of disasters' material and immaterial losses.

ABSTRACTDiplomacy as a foreign policy instrument of certain states to attain its national interest has traditionally been the authority of the central government regarding to its adequate capability and authority than other actors. Indonesia has high rank on disaster vulnerability in the world. Disasters always have been more understood as lost factors than social capital factors. The 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Aceh was a monumental history how managing disasters became a source of productive political and economic diplomacy. This paper will explain how the issue of natural disasters drove some new actors especially local government which has disaster prone areas to participate on disaster diplomacy activities and develop new strategy to manage and capitalize natural disaster into positive social capital to solve social problems, economic, political and social culture in disaster prone areas. The result of article show transformation of actor perceptions on disasters will affect disaster governance.Keywords: Indonesian disaster diplomacy, local government, para-diplomacy and International cooperation

Muslims in Singapore are minority under the rule of secular state. The main purpose of this study was to explore the. development of Islamic philanthropy in Singapore, especially regarding zakat distribution or other social worships. Further, the paper has analyzed that if Muslim Singaporeans prefer paying zakat independently or through institution and how big is the zakat fund that has been collected and distributed by Singaporean Islamic community to the recipients. This analysis of the study was based on qualitative research with content analysis. Meanwhile, considering that qualitative approach prioritizes interpretation of the data collected, the data presented in this study is the form of justification of opinions or arguments. This research reveals that despite the fact that Singapore is a secular state, government provide facilities for Muslim spending their zakat infaq and sadakah, through government owned institution i.e., Majelis Ugama Isam Singapura (MUIS) as well as private religion association such as Muhammadiyah and Jamiyah. Fundraising means, such as zakat and sadaqah, are performed using online payment methods like PayNow, eNETS online, and AXS. These funds are then allocated for social programs such basic services and supportive programs for the poor and needy, for building masjid (mosque) and madrasah (school), scholarships and funeral budget. ; Los musulmanes en Singapur son minoría bajo el gobierno del estado secular. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue explorar el. desarrollo de la filantropía islámica en Singapur, especialmente en lo que respecta a la distribución del zakat u otros cultos sociales. Además, el documento ha analizado si los musulmanes singapurenses prefieren pagar el zakat de forma independiente oa través de una institución y qué tan grande es el fondo de zakat que ha sido recolectado y distribuido por la comunidad islámica de Singapur a los destinatarios. Este análisis del estudio se basó en una investigación cualitativa con análisis de contenido. Mientras tanto, considerando que el enfoque cualitativo prioriza la interpretación de los datos recolectados, los datos presentados en este estudio son la forma de justificación de opiniones o argumentos. Esta investigación revela que a pesar del hecho de que Singapur es un estado secular, el gobierno proporciona instalaciones para que los musulmanes gasten su zakat infaq y sadakah, a través de una institución de propiedad del gobierno, es decir, Majelis Ugama Isam Singapura (MUIS), así como una asociación religiosa privada como Muhammadiyah y Jamiyah. Los medios de recaudación de fondos, como zakat y sadaqah, se realizan utilizando métodos de pago en línea como PayNow, eNETS en línea y AXS. Estos fondos se asignan luego a programas sociales tales como servicios básicos y programas de apoyo para los pobres y necesitados, para la construcción de masjid (mezquita) y madraza (escuela), becas y presupuesto para funerales.

Muslims in Singapore are minority under the rule of secular state. The main purpose of this study was to explore the. development of Islamic philanthropy in Singapore, especially regarding zakat distribution or other social worships. Further, the paper has analyzed that if Muslim Singaporeans prefer paying zakat independently or through institution and how big is the zakat fund that has been collected and distributed by Singaporean Islamic community to the recipients. This analysis of the study was based on qualitative research with content analysis. Meanwhile, considering that qualitative approach prioritizes interpretation of the data collected, the data presented in this study is the form of justification of opinions or arguments. This research reveals that despite the fact that Singapore is a secular state, government provide facilities for Muslim spending their zakat infaq and sadakah, through government owned institution i.e., Majelis Ugama Isam Singapura (MUIS) as well as private religion association such as Muhammadiyah and Jamiyah. Fundraising means, such as zakat and sadaqah, are performed using online payment methods like PayNow, eNETS online, and AXS. These funds are then allocated for social programs such basic services and supportive programs for the poor and needy, for building masjid (mosque) and madrasah (school), scholarships and funeral budget.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze how the concept of state sovereignty is experiencing a crisis due to a major natural disaster. By using the illustration of the 2004 Aceh earthquake and tsunami, the concept of state sovereignty has been explored in the abnormal situation arising from the disaster as the state was unable to carry out its functions and authorities properly. This article used qualitative approach to explore the dynamic relations or network between agency (material or non-material, such as state, NGO, International organization, media, norms, military equipment, army, natural resources etc); which construct sovereignty assemblage. The territorialization and deterritorialization of sovereignty is investigated by seeing four dimensions proposed by Baker and McGuirk. This article demonstrates that sovereignty is very dynamic, and its definition is constructed and continuously through mechanisms engaging multiple actors and specific processes. This research found that the state conception of sovereignty before and after the disaster has been so dynamic, constructed and reconstructed overtime, which is influenced by the dimension of multiplicity, processualism, labor, and uncertainty.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze how the concept of state sovereignty is experiencing a crisis due to a major natural disaster. By using the illustration of the 2004 Aceh earthquake and tsunami, the concept of state sovereignty has been explored in the abnormal situation arising from the disaster as the state was unable to carry out its functions and authorities properly. This article used qualitative approach to explore the dynamic relations or network between agency (material or non-material, such as state, NGO, International organization, media, norms, military equipment, army, natural resources etc); which construct sovereignty assemblage. The territorialization and deterritorialization of sovereignty is investigated by seeing four dimensions proposed by Baker and McGuirk. This article demonstrates that sovereignty is very dynamic, and its definition is constructed and continuously through mechanisms engaging multiple actors and specific processes. This research found that the state conception of sovereignty before and after the disaster has been so dynamic, constructed and reconstructed overtime, which is influenced by the dimension of multiplicity, processualism, labor, and uncertainty. ; El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar cómo el concepto de soberanía estatal está atravesando una crisis por un gran desastre natural. Utilizando la ilustración del terremoto y tsunami de Aceh de 2004, se ha explorado el concepto de soberanía estatal en la situación anormal que surgió del desastre, ya que el estado no pudo llevar a cabo sus funciones y autoridades adecuadamente. Este artículo utilizó un enfoque cualitativo para explorar las relaciones dinámicas o la red entre la agencia (material o no material, como estado, ONG, organización internacional, medios de comunicación, normas, equipo militar, ejército, recursos naturales, etc.); que construyen ensamblaje de soberanía. La territorialización y desterritorialización de la soberanía se investiga a partir de las cuatro dimensiones propuestas por Baker y McGuirk. Este artículo demuestra que la soberanía es muy dinámica, y su definición se construye y continuamente a través de mecanismos que involucran a múltiples actores y procesos específicos. Esta investigación encontró que la concepción estatal de la soberanía antes y después del desastre ha sido tan dinámica, construida y reconstruida con el tiempo, que está influenciada por la dimensión de multiplicidad, procesualismo, trabajo e incertidumbre.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze how the concept of state sovereignty is experiencing a crisis due to a major natural disaster. By using the illustration of the 2004 Aceh earthquake and tsunami, the concept of state sovereignty has been explored in the abnormal situation arising from the disaster as the state was unable to carry out its functions and authorities properly. This article used qualitative approach to explore the dynamic relations or network between agency (material or non-material, such as state, NGO, International organization, media, norms, military equipment, army, natural resources etc); which construct sovereignty assemblage. The territorialization and deterritorialization of sovereignty is investigated by seeing four dimensions proposed by Baker and McGuirk. This article demonstrates that sovereignty is very dynamic, and its definition is constructed and continuously through mechanisms engaging multiple actors and specific processes. This research found that the state conception of sovereignty before and after the disaster has been so dynamic, constructed and reconstructed overtime, which is influenced by the dimension of multiplicity, processualism, labor, and uncertainty.