Many multiethnic polities suffer from a deficit of citizens' support for their political communities. Hence, their governments may think of political decentralisation as a solution. This article analyses the effects of that policy on citizens' identification with their political communities in Spain: on identification with the Basque Country, Catalonia or Galicia (its most conspicuous 'nationalities') once they have become 'autonomous communities', and on identification with the overall Spanish political community. To study the processes of transformation of such attitudes, nation-building theories are interpreted from the political socialisation approach and applied to the autonomous institutions. It is also suggested that the state strictu senso, by contrast, may be developing an alternative method of forging identification with its own political community. Survey time-series evidence shows that although those autonomous communities are engaged successfully in a local but standard nation-building, the whole political system may be fostering its own diffuse support by recognising and institutionalising cultural diversity and self-government. (European Journal of Political Research / FUB)
El crecimiento poblacional y sus demandas hacen que el sector agropecuario sea cada vez más dinámico y complejo, situación que retoma la importancia de la tipología como un instrumento para el desarrollo de políticas públicas, especialmente para zonas áridas y semiáridas. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: (i) crear una tipología multidimensional que integre la caracterización y clasificación de los tipos de agricultura (CTA) con la caracterización y clasificación de los tipos de productores (CTP); e (ii) identificar las dinámicas agropecuarias de la región Altiplano Oeste Potosino utilizando una tipología multidimensional. La investigación tuvo como base 1044 encuestas, los datos fueron analizados utilizando como técnica de agrupación el análisis clúster. Los cultivos de frijol, maíz, chile, cebolla y ganado bovino y ovino son la base del ingreso agropecuario y son las principales cadenas productivas de la región. Se identificaron seis tipos de CTA, todos sistemas mixtos que buscan brindar mayor certidumbre en el ingreso, y cinco tipos de CTP; los menos capitalizados fueron los más representativos de la región (52.9 %). Al combinar CTA con CTP para crear una tipología multidimensional se observó que la principal estrategia de supervivencia se basa en la pluriactividad y el acceso a programas sociales y subsidios, donde las labores no agropecuarias representan más de 50 % del ingreso familiar. Se concluye sobre la necesidad de un cambio de paradigma al considerárseles como "empleados rurales" y no como productores ocampesinos, generando la necesidad de una política rural queconsidere esta realidad.
We study the spatial distribution of the density of states (DOS) at zero bias N(r) in the mixed state of single and multigap superconductors. We provide an analytic expression for N(r) based on deGennes' relationship between DOS and the order parameter that reproduces well scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) data in several superconducting materials. In the single gap superconductor β-Bi2Pd, we find that N(r) is governed by a length scale ξH=φ0/2πH, which decreases in rising fields. The vortex core size C, defined via the slope of the order parameter at the vortex center, C (dΔ/dr|r→0)-1, differs from ξH by a material dependent numerical factor. The new data on the tunneling conductance and vortex lattice of the 2H-NbSe1.8S0.2 show the in-plane isotropic vortices, suggesting that substitutional scattering removes the in-plane anisotropy found in the two-gap superconductor 2H-NbSe2. We fit the tunneling conductance of 2H-NbSe1.8S0.2 to a two gap model and calculate the vortex core size C for each band. We find that C is field independent and has the same value for both bands. We also analyze the two-band superconductor 2H-NbS2 and find the same result. We conclude that, independently of the magnetic field induced variation of the order parameter values in both bands, the spatial variation of the order parameter close to the vortex core is the same for all bands ; The work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FIS2014-54498-R, MAT2014-56143-R, MDM-2014-0377, and MDM2015-0538, Network of Excellence in Molecular Nanoscience MAT2014-52919-REDC), by the Comunidad de Madrid through program Nanofrontmag-CM (S2013/MIT- 2850), the Generalidad Valenciana through program Prometeo, and by EU (Cost MP-1201 and COST CA-15128). E.H. acknowledges support of COLCIENCIAS Programa Doctorados en el Exterior Convocatoria 568-2012 and S.M. of MECD: FPU14/04407. M.G. acknowledges the European Union Horizon 2020 Marie Curie Actions under the project SPIN2D (H2020/2014-659378). We acknowledge SEGAINVEX workshop of UAM and Banco Santander. The work of I.G. receives support from Axa Research Fund, FP7-PEOPLE-2013-CIG 618321 and the European Research Council (Grant No. 679080). Work of V.K. was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division. The Ames Laboratory is operated for the U.S. DOE by Iowa State University under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11358
We describe a three axis vector magnet system for cryogenic scanning probe microscopy measurements. We discuss the magnet support system and the power supply, consisting of a compact three way 100 A current source. We obtain tilted magnetic fields in all directions with maximum value of 5T along z-axis and of 1.2T for XY-plane magnetic fields. We describe a scanning tunneling microscopy-spectroscopy (STM-STS) set-up, operating in a dilution refrigerator, which includes a new high voltage ultralow noise piezodrive electronics and discuss the noise level due to vibrations. STM images and STS maps show atomic resolution and the tilted vortex lattice at 150 mK in the superconductor β-Bi2Pd. We observe a strongly elongated hexagonal lattice, which corresponds to the projection of the tilted hexagonal vortex lattice on the surface. We also discuss Magnetic Force Microscopy images in a variable temperature insert ; This work was supported by Convocatoria Doctorados en el Exterior 568-2012 COLCIENCIAS, the Spanish MINECO (FIS2011-23488, MAT2011-27470-C02-02, CSD2009-00013), by the Comunidad de Madrid through program Nanofrontmag-CM (S2013/MIT-2850) and by Marie-Curie actions under the project FP7-PEOPLE-2013- CIG-618321. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 604391 Graphene Flagship. We also acknowledge Banco Santander, COST MP1201. J.A. and C.M. acknowledge the FPI (BES- 2012-058600) and Juan de la Cierva (JCI-2011-08815) programs, respectively
The layered rare-earth diantimonides RSb2 are anisotropic metals with generally low electronic densities whose properties can be modified by substituting the rare earth. LaSb2 is a nonmagnetic metal with a low residual resistivity presenting a low-temperature magnetoresistance that does not saturate with the magnetic field. It has been proposed that the latter can be associated to a charge density wave (CDW), but no CDW has yet been found. Here we find a kink in the resistivity above room temperature in LaSb2 (at 355 K) and show that the kink becomes much more pronounced with substitution of La by Ce along the La1−xCexSb2 series. We find signatures of a CDW in x-ray scattering, specific heat, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments in particular for x ≈ 0.5. We observe a distortion of rare-earth–Sb bonds lying in-plane of the tetragonal crystal using x-ray scattering, an anomaly in the specific heat at the same temperature as the kink in resistivity and charge modulations in STM. We conclude that LaSb2 has a CDW which is stabilized in the La1−xCexSb2 series due to substitutional disorder ; This work was supported by the Spanish MINECO (FIS2014-54498-R, MAT2011-27470-C02-02, and CSD-2009-00013), by the European Union (Graphene Flagship Contract No. CNECT-ICT-604391 and COST MP1201 action), and by the Comunidad de Madrid through programs Nanofrontmag-CM (S2013/MIT-2850) and MAD2D-CM (S2013/MIT-3007).We acknowledge MINECO and CSIC for financial support and for provision of synchrotron radiation facilities and would like to thank the SpLine BM25 staff for assistance in using the beamline
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.