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Background Reaching an acceptable participation rate in screening programs is challenging. With the objective of supporting the Belarus government to implement mammography screening as a single intervention, we analyse the main determinants of breast cancer screening participation. Methods We developed a discrete choice experiment using a mixed research approach, comprising a literature review, in-depth interviews with key informants (n = 23), "think aloud" pilots (n = 10) and quantitative measurement of stated preferences for a representative sample of Belarus women (n = 428, 89% response rate). The choice data were analysed using a latent class logit model with four classes selected based on statistical (consistent Akaike information criterion) and interpretational considerations. Results Women in the sample were representative of all six geographic regions, mainly urban (81%), and high-education (31%) characteristics. Preferences of women in all four classes were primarily influenced by the perceived reliability of the test (sensitivity and screening method) and costs. Travel and waiting time were important components in the decision for 34% of women. Most women in Belarus preferred mammography screening to the existing clinical breast examination (90%). However, if the national screening program is restricted in capacity, this proportion of women will drop to 55%. Women in all four classes preferred combined screening (mammography with clinical breast examination) to single mammography. While this preference was stronger if lower test sensitivity was assumed, 28% of women consistently gave more importance to combined screening than to test sensitivity. Conclusion Women in Belarus were favourable to mammography screening. Population should be informed that there are no benefits of combined screening compared to single mammography. The results of this study are directly relevant to policy make

We propose a periodic structure that behaves as a fluid fluid composite for sound waves, where the building blocks are clusters of rigid scatterers. Such building-blocks are penetrable for acoustic waves, and their properties can be tuned by selecting the filling fraction. The equivalence with a fluid fluid system of such a doubly periodic composite is tested analytical and experimentally. Because of the fluid-like character of the scatterers, sound structure interaction is negligible, and the propagation can be described by scalar models, analogous to those used in electromagnetics. As an example, the case of focusing of evanescent waves and the guided propagation of acoustic waves along an array of penetrable elements is discussed in detail. The proposed structure may be a real alternative to design a low contrast and acoustically penetrable medium where new properties as those shown in this work could be experimentally realized. ; We acknowledge financial support by Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and European Union FEDER through project FIS2011-29731-C02-01 and -02. VRG is grateful for the financial support of the post-doctoral grant from the "Pays de la Loire". ACR is grateful for the support of the Programa de Ayudas e Iniciativas de Investigacin (PAID) of the UPV. ; Cebrecos Ruiz, A.; Romero García, V.; Picó Vila, R.; Sánchez Morcillo, VJ.; Botey, M.; Herrero, R.; Cheng, YC. (2015). Acoustically penetrable sonic crystals based on fluid-like scatterers. Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics. 48(2):25501-25510. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/48/2/025501 ; S ; 25501 ; 25510 ; 48 ; 2

Copyright (2014) American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in: Applied Physics Letters 105, 204104 (2014); doi:10.1063/1.4902387 and may be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.490238. ; We study the propagation of waves in a periodic array of absorbing layers. We report an anomalous increase of wave transmission through the structure related to a decrease of the absorption around the Bragg frequencies. The effect is first discussed in terms of a generic coupled wave model extended to include losses, and its predictions can be applied to different types of waves propagating in media with periodic modulation of the losses at the wavelength scale. The particular case of sound waves in an array of porous layers embedded in air is considered. An experiment designed to test the predictions demonstrates the existence of the enhanced transmission band. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. ; The work was supported by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and European Union FEDER through Projects FIS2011-29731-C02-01 and -02, also MAT2009-09438. A.M.Y. would like to thank the Erasmus Mundus Project (WELCOME program) for supporting him. V.R.G. acknowledges financial support from the "Pays-de-la-Loire" through the post-doctoral program. ; Cebrecos Ruiz, A.; Picó Vila, R.; Romero García, V.; Yasser, AM.; Maigyte, L.; Herrero, R.; Botey, M. (2014). Enhanced transmission band in periodic media with loss modulation. Applied Physics Letters. 105(20):204104-1-204104-4. doi:10.1063/1.4902387 ; S ; 204104-1 ; 204104-4 ; 105 ; 20 ; Figotin, A., & Vitebskiy, I. (2008). Absorption suppression in photonic crystals. Physical Review B, 77(10). doi:10.1103/physrevb.77.104421 ; Figotin, A., & Vitebskiy, I. (2010). Magnetic Faraday rotation in lossy photonic structures. Waves in Random and Complex Media, 20(2), 298-318. doi:10.1080/17455030.2010.482575 ; Erokhin, S. G., ...

The integration of digital treatments into national mental health services is on the agenda in the European Union. The E-COMPARED consortium conducted a survey aimed at exploring stakeholders' knowledge, acceptance and expectations of digital treatments for depression, and at identifying factors that might influence their opinions when considering the implementation of these approaches. An online survey was conducted in eight European countries: France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and The United Kingdom. Organisations representing government bodies, care providers, service-users, funding/insurance bodies, technical developers and researchers were invited to participate in the survey. The participating countries and organisations reflect the diversity in health care infrastructures and e-health implementation across Europe. A total of 764 organisations were invited to the survey during the period March–June 2014, with 175 of these organisations participating in our survey. The participating stakeholders reported moderate knowledge of digital treatments and considered cost-effectiveness to be the primary incentive for integration into care services. Low feasibility of delivery within existing care services was considered to be a primary barrier. Digital treatments were regarded more suitable for milder forms of depression. Stakeholders showed greater acceptability towards blended treatment (the integration of face-to-face and internet sessions within the same treatment protocol) compared to standalone internet treatments. Organisations in countries with developed e-health solutions reported greater knowledge and acceptability of digital treatments. Mental health stakeholders in Europe are aware of the potential benefits of digital interventions. However, there are variations between countries and stakeholders in terms of level of knowledge about such interventions and their feasibility within routine care services. The high acceptance of blended treatments is an interesting finding that indicates a gradual integration of technology into clinical practice may fit the attitudes and needs of stakeholders. The potential of the blended treatment approach, in terms of enhancing acceptance of digital treatment while retaining the benefit of cost-effectiveness in delivery, should be further explored. The E-COMPARED project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no. 603098.

In order to update the previous version of the European Code against Cancer and formulate evidence-based recommendations, a systematic search of the literature was performed according to the methodology agreed by the Code Working Groups. Based on the review, the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer recommends:. "Take part in organized cancer screening programmes for:. •Bowel cancer (men and women)•Breast cancer (women)•Cervical cancer (women)." Organized screening programs are preferable because they provide better conditions to ensure that the Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Screening are followed in order to achieve the greatest benefit with the least harm. Screening is recommended only for those cancers where a demonstrated life-saving effect substantially outweighs the potential harm of examining very large numbers of people who may otherwise never have, or suffer from, these cancers, and when an adequate quality of the screening is achieved. EU citizens are recommended to participate in cancer screening each time an invitation from the national or regional screening program is received and after having read the information materials provided and carefully considered the potential benefits and harms of screening. Screening programs in the European Union vary with respect to the age groups invited and to the interval between invitations, depending on each country's cancer burden, local resources, and the type of screening test used. For colorectal cancer, most programs in the EU invite men and women starting at the age of 50-60 years, and from then on every 2 years if the screening test is the guaiac-based fecal occult blood test or fecal immunochemical test, or every 10 years or more if the screening test is flexible sigmoidoscopy or total colonoscopy. Most programs continue sending invitations to screening up to the age of 70-75 years.For breast cancer, most programs in the EU invite women starting at the age of 50 years, and not before the age of 40 years, and from then on every 2 years until the age of 70-75 years.For cervical cancer, if cytology (Pap) testing is used for screening, most programs in the EU invite women starting at the age of 25-30 years and from then on every 3 or 5 years. If human papillomavirus testing is used for screening, most women are invited starting at the age of 35 years (usually not before age 30 years) and from then on every 5 years or more. Irrespective of the test used, women continue participating in screening until the age of 60 or 65 years, and continue beyond this age unless the most recent test results are normal.

This overview describes the principles of the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer and provides an introduction to the 12 recommendations to reduce cancer risk. Among the 504.6 million inhabitants of the member states of the European Union (EU28), there are annually 2.64 million new cancer cases and 1.28 million deaths from cancer. It is estimated that this cancer burden could be reduced by up to one half if scientific knowledge on causes of cancer could be translated into successful prevention. The Code is a preventive tool aimed to reduce the cancer burden by informing people how to avoid or reduce carcinogenic exposures, adopt behaviours to reduce the cancer risk, or to participate in organised intervention programmes. The Code should also form a base to guide national health policies in cancer prevention. The 12 recommendations are: not smoking or using other tobacco products; avoiding second-hand smoke; being a healthy body weight; encouraging physical activity; having a healthy diet; limiting alcohol consumption, with not drinking alcohol being better for cancer prevention; avoiding too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation; avoiding cancer-causing agents at the workplace; reducing exposure to high levels of radon; encouraging breastfeeding; limiting the use of hormone replacement therapy; participating in organised vaccination programmes against hepatitis B for newborns and human papillomavirus for girls; and participating in organised screening programmes for bowel cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer.

This overview describes the principles of the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer and provides an introduction to the 12 recommendations to reduce cancer risk. Among the 504.6 million inhabitants of the member states of the European Union (EU28), there are annually 2.64 million new cancer cases and 1.28 million deaths from cancer. It is estimated that this cancer burden could be reduced by up to one half if scientific knowledge on causes of cancer could be translated into successful prevention. The Code is a preventive tool aimed to reduce the cancer burden by informing people how to avoid or reduce carcinogenic exposures, adopt behaviours to reduce the cancer risk, or to participate in organised intervention programmes. The Code should also form a base to guide national health policies in cancer prevention. The 12 recommendations are: not smoking or using other tobacco products; avoiding second-hand smoke; being a healthy body weight; encouraging physical activity; having a healthy diet; limiting alcohol consumption, with not drinking alcohol being better for cancer prevention; avoiding too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation; avoiding cancer-causing agents at the workplace; reducing exposure to high levels of radon; encouraging breastfeeding; limiting the use of hormone replacement therapy; participating in organised vaccination programmes against hepatitis B for newborns and human papillomavirus for girls; and participating in organised screening programmes for bowel cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer.