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1. Introduction -- Part I An Archeology Of Economic Science: From Physiocrats To Neoclassics -- 2. History Of Sciences And Epistemology -- 3. From Physiocratic School To Neoclassical Economy -- 4. The Different Epistemological Trajectories: From Archeology To Genealogy -- Part II Epistemological Ruptures: Three Contemporary Examples -- 5 The Refutation Of The Neoclassical Macroeconomics From The Neo-Ricardian Approach -- 6 Hayek And The Neoclassical Economy: Some Dangerous Liaisons? -- 7 Money, Finance And Real Economy -- 8 Beyond Episteme: The Concept Of Order -- 9 General Conclusion.

This book aims to study, from an approach linked to epistemology and the history of ideas, the evolution of economic science and its differing seminal systems. Today mainstream economics solves certain problems chosen within the scope of "normal science" without questioning the epistemological foundations that support the paradigm within which they were conceived. Contrary to a Neoclassical interpretation, the historicist interpretation shows that, from the incommensurability of the different paradigms, it is impossible to conceive of a progress of economic science, in a long-term perspective. This book ultimately reveals, from the different economic schools of thought analyzed, that there is no pure form of episteme, or system of understanding. Each concrete episteme in the history of economic thought is by nature hybrid in the sense that it contains components from preceding systems of knowledge. Alain Herscovici is Full Professor of the Department of Economics and the Postgraduate Program in Economics, at the Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Brazil, and leader of the CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) Research Group on Macroeconomics. He is the author of Essays on the Historicity of Capital, published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2019.

1. Introduction -- Part I: The Epistemological Dimension of Historicity -- 2. Preliminary Considerations about the Historicity of Capital -- 3. Economic Epistemology -- 4. Ricardo, Keynes and Stiglitz: The Epistemological Convergences -- Part II: Historicity and Economic Sciences -- 5. Theory of Differential Rent and Capital Heterogeneity: a Neo-Ricardian Analysis -- 6. The Nature of Capital in the General Theory: Theoretical Implications and Structural Instability -- 7. The Relational Economics: an Example of Substantial Hypothesis Refutation -- 8. The Problem of the Empirical Data: Capital in the Twenty First Century? -- 9. General Conclusion

The object of this work is threefold: it consists (a) in explaining and justifying, based on Foucault's concept of episteme, the epistemological foundations from which Classical Economics, Keynesian Economics and Neoclassical Economics were built; (b) in studying the nature of the epistemological ruptures that allow differentiating these schools; and (c) in defining the degree of incommensurability of these different paradigms. In the first part, I will define the main epistemological tools that allow studying the birth and evolution of science. In the second part, I will study the nature of the epistemological ruptures that characterize these evolutions and these different schools.

ABSTRACT This paper aims (a) to explain the mechanisms from which the problem of reswitching of techniques is formulated and (b) to analyze the implications with regard to the general architecture of neoclassical macroeconomics. I will show how these elements allow refuting the neoclassical theory of income distribution, and why they translate into structural instability. In the first part, I will explain the mechanisms that correspond to the problem of reswitching of techniques; in the second part, I will study the implications linked to the reswitching, with regard to the determinants of income distribution and the equilibrium stability.

RESUMOEste trabalho tem como objetivo definir, a partir de uma abordagem lakatosiana, o Programa de Pesquisa Científica (PPC) Neoclássico. Para tal fim, vou comparar este programa com aqueles oriundos da nova economia institucional (Coase e Williamson) e da nova economia da informação (Akerlof, Grossman e Stiglitz) e, usando a noção de implosão, vou destacar os seus limites. Depois de discutir o método de Lakatos e, baseando-se em sua abordagem, definirei o PPC neoclássico, e explicarei em que consiste a implosão do SRP neoclássico.

Este artigo se propõe a demonstrar que as análises que preconizam a extensão da negociação privada no que diz respeito ao Conhecimento, à Informação e aos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual não constituem instrumentos adequados pelo fato de dependerem de hipóteses que não correspondem às particularidades desses ativos: racionalidade substantiva, contratos completos e ausência de incerteza. Após apresentar os fatos estilizados e os principais elementos teóricos desse debate, ressaltarei os limites explicativos dessa abordagem e proporei uma análise alternativa baseada nos conceitos de especificidade dos ativos, no sentido definido por Williamson. A esse respeito, mostrarei em que consistem as complementaridades entre o mercado e as instituições.

The objective of this paper is to definite historicity in economic sciences applying the principles of entropy and methodological indeterminism. This implies the definition of two kinds of economic universes: one characterized by ergodicity and reversibility of time and processes and the other by the opposite properties. The first part will deal with the construction of the subject of study and the nature of the proper analysis to these two universes. Taking such dichotomy into account, the second part will examine its implication as regards to the nature of equilibrium, the properties of stability and instability and the closure of the systems. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

Este trabalho consiste em aplicar o princípio do indeterminismo metodológico na Ciência Econômica. Isto implica definir dois tipos de universo econômico: um que se caracteriza pela ergodicidade e pela reversibilidade do tempo e dos processos econômicos, e o outro pelas características contrárias. Uma primeira parte tratará da construção do objeto de estudo e da natureza da análise relativa a cada um desses universos. Em razão desta dicotomia, uma segunda parte estudará suas implicações no que diz respeito à natureza das probabilidades e dos processos que guiam as decisões dos agentes.

RESUMO Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os diferentes componentes da chamada nova economia. A primeira parte, essencialmente teórica, trata das várias concepções sobre a natureza e o papel da informação no funcionamento dos mercados. A segunda parte mostra as características microeconômicas das redes eletrônicas, avaliando suas propriedades competitivas. Na terceira parte, após delinear o atual regime de acumulação, é discutida a relação entre o desenvolvimento de redes e a implementação de um novo modo de regulação. Quanto a este assunto, são oferecidas interpretações alternativas do paradoxo de Solow.