"Sociality is central to being human and it depends on our ability to understand others, but not just in the way that we might understand something physical, like how to pick an apple from a tree. In this chapter I draw together some threads of other chapters in the book, and develop the idea that human sociality is based on emotions and that it involves sharing pieces of mind. Empathy offers a clear example of emotion-based sharing of mind. As explained in this book's Chapter 9 by Walter and colleagues, it enables us to experience in our selves something of an emotion of another person. Singer et al. (2004) studied the phenomenon by monitoring the brains of respondents when they were themselves experiencing pain and when they were signalled that a loved one in another room was experiencing the same kind of pain. The anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex were activated in both cases. A piece of brain activation and a piece of mind were shared. De Vignemont and Singer's (2006) explain that empathy, of this kind, occurs when someone has an emotion that is similar to that of another person, when one sees or imagines the other person having that emotion, and when one knows that the other is the source of one's own emotion"--
The Duchenne marker has been proposed as a universal marker of smile authenticity. However, Elfenbein, Beaupré, Levesque, and Hess (2007 ) found that, whereas Canadians typically show the Duchenne marker when posing happiness, Gabonese do not. We therefore investigated whether the Duchenne marker is perceived as a marker of smile authenticity by Gabonese and by Mainland Chinese living in Quebec, Canada. The results show that Gabonese do not use the Duchenne marker to assess smile authenticity at all. Mainland Chinese immigrants to Quebec showed sensitivity to the Duchenne marker only when judging smiles by French-Canadian encoders, suggesting learning of the use of this cultural dialect through cultural exposure. In sum, the use of Duchenne marker is not universal, but rather limited to certain cultures.
Zunehmende Globalisierung, neue Spielregeln im internationalen Wettbewerb sowie unberechenbare Machtgefüge fordern von allen Akteuren hohe Anpassungs- und Handlungsfähigkeiten. Es ist daher heute wichtiger denn je, Veränderungsprozesse zu verstehen und sie erfolgreich zu gestalten. Der Band eröffnet hierzu eine völlig neue Perspektive: Führungskräfte, Politiker sowie einflussreiche Persönlichkeiten aus Kultur, Wissenschaft und Sport schildern ihre Erkenntnisse und vermitteln damit ein breit gefächertes Verständnis von Transformation.
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Living near an unsafe housing block or a landfill is unattractive because of their negative influence on the environment. The question we ask is "Would a nearby attractive location cancel out this negative influence?" In two studies, participants were shown fictitious neighborhoods that contained an unattractive location (an unsafe housing block or a landfill) located close to an attractive location (one's own home or a park). The participants were asked to evaluate how pleasant it would feel to live at increasing distances from these locations. The results showed that positively evaluated locations can mitigate but not entirely neutralize the effects of negatively evaluated locations. The present research elucidates how people combine the effects of sources of positive and negative influence.
Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata((R)) and Excel. Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1-25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0-88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE-syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%-subcutaneous; 29%-intravenous; 1%-unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy. Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment.
