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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I. Dad and Cad Reproductive Strategies: The Biosocial Context of Father's Role -- 1. Male-Infant Relationships in Nonhuman Primates: Paternal Investment or Mating Effort? Barbara B. Smuts and David ]. Gubernick -- 2. Paternal Effect on Offspring Survivorship among Ache and Hiwi Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Modeling Pair-Bond Stability A. Magdalena Hurtado and Kim R. Hill -- 3. Paternal Care in a Caribbean Village Mark V. Flinn -- 4. Variation in Paternal Care among the Yanomamo Raymond Hames -- 5. Fatherhood by Rank on Ifaluk Laura Betzig and Paul Turke -- 6. If You Have a Child You Have a Life: Demographic and Cultural Perspectives on Fathering in Old Age in IKung Society Patricia Draper and Anne Buchanan -- 7. Husband-Wife Reciprocity and the Father-Infant Relationship among Aka Pygmies Barry S. Hewlett -- 8. Gender Differences in the Perception of Ideal Family Size in an Australian Aborginal Community Victoria K. Burbank and James S. Chisholm -- Part II. The Cultural Context of Father's Role: Perspectives from Cross-Cultural Human Development and Symbolic Anthropology -- 9. The Cultural Foundations of Fathers' Roles: Evidence from Kenya and the United States Sara Harkness and Charles M. Super -- 10. Fathers in Children's Environments: A Four Culture Study Robert L. Munroe and Ruth H. Munroe -- 11. Male Care among Efe Foragers and Lese Farmers Gilda A. Morelli and Edward Z. Tronick -- 12. Gukwelonone: The Game of Hiding Fathers and Seeking Sons among the Ongee of Little Andaman Vishvajit Pandya -- 13. Fathering in an Egalitarian Society Karen Endicott -- 14. Fathers and Childcare among the Cagayan Agta P. Bion Griffin and Marcus B. Griffin -- 15. Perceptions of Parenting among the Nso of Cameroon Bame A. Nsamenang

This article examines female hunting among a group of Aka forest foragers ("pygmies") of the Central African Republic1where women net‐hunt more frequently than men. The study aims to understand the contexts of female hunting and allay the paucity of descriptive and systematic studies of women hunters and gender task allocation among foragers. Contexts predicted from human behavioral ecology and cultural anthropology are considered and evaluated. Most of the contexts for female hunting predicted by the evolutionary and cultural theoretical orientations occurred among this group of Aka: game were relatively abundant, and women received relatively high caloric returns from hunting; game animals were acquired synchronously; hunting took place with other adults; Aka women had access to the means/technology of efficient hunting; Aka male ideological/political control of women was minimal; and cultural precedents existed that enabled women to obtain knowledge of and experience in hunting. Modifications to both evolutionary and cultural theories that deal with female hunting and gender task allocation among foragers are suggested, and an integrated approach is described. [foragers, central Africa, sexual division of labor, women hunters]

An oral health survey of African pygmies and Bantu revealed significant contrasts that can be explained by differences in diet, social status, and oral hygiene. Pygmy men have fewer carious lesions and less tooth loss than pygmy women. Ethnographic data suggest that this results from sex differences in eating habits and access to cariogenic foods. Pygmy "leaders" have much better dental health than "nonleaders." This status difference appears to be explained by social and dietary variables.

ABSTRACT  Anthropologists have long recognized that breastfeeding involves much more than feeding; it entails intimate social interactions between infants or children and their mothers. However, breastfeeding has predominantly been studied with respect to structural features (frequency, timing) as well as nutritional and health aspects of infant feeding. Thus, in this study we complement previous anthropological studies by examining social interactions that occur during breastfeeding among the Aka and Bofi foragers and Ngandu and Bofi farmers at various ages (three to four months, nine to ten months, toddlers). Further, we use an integrated biocultural perspective to explore how patterns of breastfeeding and social interactions can be shaped by economic constraints, cultural values, and children's development. Overall, our findings illustrate how biological and cultural factors interact and provide useful explanations of variations in breastfeeding structure and social interactions more so than either perspective alone. [breastfeeding, Central African foragers and farmers, biocultural, infants and toddlers, social interactions]