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This paper demonstrates that the discourse produced by the Bush Administration in the aftermath of 9/11 effectively constituted the War on Terrorism as the tenth crusade. Almost immediately, Bush's discursive deployment of the Crusades functioned to construct a Muslim enemy. Civilizational divides found in Bush's speeches framed the enemy other as Eastern, Muslim, and medieval. The Administration deployed rhetoric of good versus evil, us versus them, and East versus West dichotomies. This discourse also framed the war as an inevitable clash of civilizations between America and an enduring other in the Middle East. Bush's employment of civilizational dichotomies, the Crusades, and positioning of the enemy as medieval legitimized the War on Terror against the age-old constructed enemy of the West—Islam. Through imitating the structure of the Crusades, the War on Terror became another conflict in the history of Western crusading. Using Ethnographic Discourse Analysis (EDA), this thesis provides an analysis of the language of Bush and his officials to understand its larger contextual significance, socio-political implications, and effects of discursive practices (Wotham and Reyes 2015). EDA's purpose is to show how these practices systematically construct social dynamics and non-normative behavior. Post-9/11 political discourse in the Bush administration was further evaluated by drawing on Edward Said's conceptualization of Orientalism, Derek Gregory's theory of civilizational divides, and Andrew B.R. Elliott's analytical framework of medievalism (Said 1991; Gregory 2004; Elliott 2017). These frameworks evaluate how the discursive deployment of the Crusades and medieval rhetoric cast the War on Terror as a civilizational struggle fought to preserve civilization from the "heathen."

L'alcool est responsable aujourd'hui en France de près d'un décès sur 9 (un décès masculin sur 7 et un décès féminin sur 33). La fraction des décès attribuable à l'alcool est nettement moins importante au-delà de 65 ans qu'en deçà. Ainsi, chez les hommes, si 9% des décès sont dus à l'alcool chez les 65 ans et plus, cette proportion atteint 27% chez les 45-64 ans, ces chiffres étant respectivement de 2 et 9% chez les femmes. Si la consommation d'alcool continue à diminuer, la réduction de mortalité par cirrhose et cancers de la bouche, du pharynx, du larynx et de l'œsophage, commencée dans les années 70, se poursuivra.

Crop foraging or crop raiding concerns wildlife foraging and farmers' reactions and responses to it. To understand crop foraging and its value to wildlife or its implications for humans requires a cross-disciplinary approach that considers the behavior and ecology of wild animals engaging in this behavior; the types and levels of competition for resources between people and wildlife; people's perceptions of and attitudes toward wildlife, including animals that forage on crops; and discourse about animals and their behaviors and how these discourses can be used for expressing dissent and distress about other social conflicts. So, to understand and respond to conflicts about crop damage, we need to look beyond what people lose, i.e., crop loss and economic equivalence, and focus more on what people say about wildlife and why they say it.

Hunting and habitat destruction and alteration threaten the existence of many primate species. However, the conservation of these primates has significant costs, as well as benefits, for people living alongside them. Conservation policy now recognizes that people should not suffer impoverishment from wildlife preservation and that, instead, conservation programs should make a significant contribution to alleviating rural poverty. Ethical consideration requires that local communities have greater control over natural resources, and that conservation programs contribute to these people's livelihood security. Nevertheless, this conservation on the basis of potential economic value may not protect primates adequately and may render them still vulnerable to extinction, given their sensitivity to human activities. This presents an ethical dilemma: primates have intrinsic moral value so should be conserved for their own sake, yet conservation policies should not cause harm to local human populations. This article explores ethical issues that arise when primates and people live in close proximity. [Keywords: primate conservation, ethical issues, human–wildlife conflict]

This report presents the findings and recommendations from a gender assessment and learning review of IFAD's Adaptation in Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP). This review is a reality-check into how ASAP-supported projects are translating project design commitments to gender equality and women's empowerment into implementation practice. It is intended to provide reflections on how implementation practice is likely to contribute to outcomes for gender equality and women's empowerment. The Paris Climate Agreement of 2015 provides clear recognition of the obligations of all parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to human rights, gender equality, empowerment of women, and intergenerational equity. The agreement states, for example: "Parties acknowledge that adaptation should follow a country-driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach" (p.25). At the same time, the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that comprise the substance of the commitments that underpin the Paris Agreement, and related climate policy frameworks and plans (e.g. the National Adaptation Plans), are weak and inconsistent in integrating an understanding of gender equality and women's empowerment and the ways in which gender differences matter for climate change adaptation and mitigation. The challenges and opportunities for agriculture when it comes to both climate change adaptation and mitigation loom large in the NDCs and the NAPs. For some years, key organizations and donors in small-scale agriculture and rural livelihoods have worked hard to understand the specific challenges that women as well as men face in increasing incomes, productivity, resilience and food and nutrition security. Organizational policies, guidelines and investments have been developed to address the challenges of providing clear access for women and men to opportunities for economic empowerment, and commitments have been made to support progress towards gender equality through investments in development policies and practices. Similar efforts and initiatives are being made across the globe in national policies and sectoral commitments in agriculture, livestock and natural resources management. Yet practice is challenging. Turning commitments into tangible activities takes sustained effort, shared understanding of the goals, and spaces to learn and reflect with partners, small-scale producers, and community leaders about what is relevant and impactful in different contexts. Technical specialists, with training and experience in specific agricultural practices may not feel confident or comfortable exploring how gender dynamics affect how those practices are made available to women as well as men, and how gender roles in households can affect who benefits from adopting certain practices. Implementing agencies, from government departments to non-governmental organizations, face significant resource constraints, and can find the demands of in-depth gender and social analysis or evaluation too onerous for staff capacities and budgets. Many stakeholders in projects may intuitively understand that transformations in the ways that gender roles and behaviours are critical to the success of projects, but it is difficult to conceptualize what 'gender-transformative' looks like in terms of project activities. While this report presents key findings, conclusions and recommendations from a gender assessment and learning review of eight country cases of ASAP-supported projects, it should be recognized that 5 ASAP Gender Assessment and Learning Review – Final Report these likely apply to a range of projects and investments being implemented and developed in the arena of small-scale agriculture and adaptation to climate change in rural livelihoods. It is therefore hoped that this report can provide the basis for further collaboration between IFAD, CARE and CCAFS.

This paper asks whether regional capabilities and coalitions can shape economic development outcomes in a period of intense structural adjustment. Rapid cuts in defense procurement spending with their associated closure offacilities and elimination ofmillions ofdefense­ related jobs since the end of the Cold War offer an opportunity to probe differences in capability and responses on theparr ofdefense dependent regions in the US and Europe. This paper uses a novel approac pooling across a set of in-depth case studies by the authors and other scholars to compare outcomes. Three kinds of defense regions are examined: 1) military aerospace , 2) military shipyards, and 3) naval bases---i1sing eleven cases drawnfrom three countries (US, Germany, and France). We conclude that regional capability and mobilization can make a dramatic difef rence. Regions more likely to succeed in movingpeople,facilities and technologies into new civilian uses are those with a history ofcoping with industrial decline, a strong public sector held in relatively high regard by its citizens, an ability to tronscend partisanpolitics andjurisdictional competition, and active advocacy for conversion on the part oftrade unimJS, peace activists, community economic development advocates, and/or local businesses. Comparing across nations, national government posture towards conversion can significantly enhance or constrain regional efforts as well. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen national and regional level planning approachesfor structural adjustment mare generally.

Birth family health history is shared with prospective adopters to help them understand a child's future health risks. But guidelines for health professionals indicate that such third-party information should not be shared without the consent of birth parents. In practice this can be difficult to achieve. Catherine Hill and Maria Edwards' survey of 57 adoptions sought to explore the views and experiences of adopters about the value of this information to both themselves and their child. Absence of information, particularly with respect to paternal history, was common and resulted in adverse consequences for children and an impoverished sense of identity. Adopters felt that lack of information also limited their understanding of the child and therefore their ability to offer therapeutic parenting; they were 'parenting in the dark'. A majority expressed strong views that it was their child's right to have this information; a minority felt that confidentiality of birth family health information should remain a paramount consideration. These data furnish the debate with an important missing dimension from those whose lives are potentially enriched or impaired by the quality of information shared.