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Since the beginning of the War on Poverty, the poverty rate has fluctuated widely, and at the same time the poverty population has undergone many changes, some mirroring the changing stereotypes of the poor and others less pronounced than the changing stereotypes would lead us to believe. A feminization of poverty has occurred, with many more of the poor now in households headed by women. Interestingly, aging of the poverty population has not occurred despite growth in the elderly segment of the overall population. Concerning turnover in the poverty population, we find that despite poverty theories emphasizing persistence, recurrent poverty is relatively rare and poverty is not generally passed from one generation to the next. Poverty prevention has come from both economic growth and government transfers; however, inequality in economic growth has contributed to poverty. With the proportion of elderly and female-headed households likely to continue at a high level into the future, poverty rates are also likely to remain high unless government transfers are increased.

Since the beginning of the War on Poverty, the poverty rate has fluctuated widely & the poverty population has undergone many changes. A feminization of poverty has occurred, with many more of the poor now in households headed by women. Aging of the poverty population, however, has not occurred, despite growth in the elderly segment of the overall population. Also, despite poverty theories emphasizing persistence, it is found that recurrent poverty is relatively rare & is not generally passed from one generation to the next. Poverty prevention has come from both economic growth & government transfers; however, inequality in economic growth has contributed to poverty. With the proportion of elderly & F-headed households likely to continue at a high level into the future, poverty rates are also likely to remain high unless government transfers are increased. 1 Table, 2 Figures. Modified HA

This paper provides an overview of Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) in the USA, Canada, Australia and Hong Kong. It is based upon documents presented to the China Medical Board (CMB) China Nursing Network (CNN) as background for discussions held by the CNN in Shanghai. It discusses the APN role in these countries and regions according to topics identified by the CNN. These are APN educational preparation; role legitimacy; capacity requirements; scope of practice, domains of activities and limited rights for prescription and referral; professional promotion ladder; accreditation system; and, performance evaluation system. Both Canada and Australia have adapted many aspects of the USA model of APN to fit their specific legislative requirements and local conditions. Hong Kong has taken a different path which may be of interest in the Chinese context.