Suchergebnisse

The introduction of Feed-in tariffs in the German Renewable Energy Act (EEG) fuelled the growth of anaerobic digestion (AD) industry making Germany the country with highest number of operational AD plants. However, the rapid expansion of AD industry resulted in some unwanted side-effects such as food vs fuel debate, increased prices for electricity and the temporal mismatch between supply and demand of electricity grid. Subsequent amendments in EEG has tried to address some of these issues by reduction in Feed-in tariffs, introduction of a cap on cereal based feedstocks and providing premium for energy production in accordance with market demand. Furthermore, the Feed-in tariffs which were introduced for 20 years are soon going to expire. The changes in legal and political discourse is soon going to introduce some new challanges to the AD industry. This paper has discussed some of these challanges and their potential solutions.

This is the first book in the 'Institutions and Development in South Asia' series. It studies the historical institutionalism in the information regime in India by presenting an alternative narrative about the evolution of the RTI Act.

School education in pre-colonial India was universal and inclusive. Children of every caste and class, at an average age of 5 years, attended schools. The elementary school teaching consisted of three universal subjects: akshara (script) gyan, bhasha (language) gyan and arithmetic. The fourth subject varied from regions to regions: it was moral–civic education to skill education. The education was in the mother tongue. The higher education was in medium of Sanskrit. After the arrival of Muslim rulers, Persian became the alternative language of instruction, and there was a change in the course curriculum. The Muslim students were compulsorily taught the Quran, and the medium of instruction was Persian. Students interested in higher academics and research had wide number of subjects to study—grammar, philosophy, medicine and others. These students were called Brahmins, and based on their professional skills, they were designated as acharyas, upadhyaya, mukhopadhyay and so forth. The technical skills and the knowledge required constant upgradation as India was the hub of the pre-colonial economy, the 'land of desire'. This knowledge and skill had also made her the 'land of wisdom'. That's how Hegel used to address about India in his class rooms in 1820s in Germany.

On June 25, 1975, Prime Minister (PM) Indira Gandhi imposed a national emergency (the Emergency) in India, suspending civil and political rights. Lasting for 21 months, the Emergency was the only dictatorial turn in India's democratic history. The authoritarian rule was in response
to an assertive citizens' protest against Prime Minister Gandhi, which demanded her resignation on the grounds of the centralization of power, corruption, rising prices, and in the name of fair wages for workers and unemployment. The higher courts had also debarred her from contesting elections.
Since then, the dominant accounts of this period have tried to ascertain answers to three questions: Why was the Emergency imposed? What did the Emergency entail? And finally, why was it lifted? The books in this review essay together comprise a tour de force on these three aspects, while
also seeking to go beyond these questions. Christophe Ja relot and Pratinav Anil's India's First Dictatorship: The Emergency, 1975–77 shows how the Emergency has cast a long shadow and is also a window into understanding some of the present trends in Indian politics. Gyan Prakash's
Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point claims that the Emergency had both a "before" and "afterlife"; the origins of excessive state power are inherent in the Constitution. Parsa Venkateshwar Rao Jr.'s The Emergency: An Unpopular History provides a revisionist
account of the Emergency through the lenses of parliamentary discussions. While engaging with these important books, this review essay suggests an alternate "afterlife" of the Emergency that is untreated in the works discussed here.

Mahendra Prasad Singh, Federalism in India. Delhi: SAGE, 2022, 294 pp., ₹1,295.