Suchergebnisse

This report presents the situation within the Nordic countries with respect to production and recycling of construction and demolition waste, in particular crushed concrete, in the form of aggregates, and discusses the conditions and requirements relating to environmental impacts for a possible application of the End-of-Waste option in the Waste Framework Directive. If this option is applied, the material may become a product and it will no longer be regulated by waste legislation. Regulation of crushed concrete under product legislation presents a number of challenges, particularly with respect to environmental protection. The report presents and proposes a methodology for the setting of leaching and risk-based criteria to be fulfilled by crushed concrete (and other waste aggregates) in order to obtain End-of-Waste status. It is further recommended to set impact-reducing conditions on the use of materials obtaining End-of-Waste criteria, and not to allow free use. It should be noted that the work described in this report was carried out during the period from 2010 to 2012.

In European legislation, waste is classified either as hazardous or non-hazardous. Hazardous waste is a waste that due to its (intrinsic) chemical or other properties poses a risk to the environment and/or human health. The legislation for waste classification was revised in 2014 in order to align it with the chemical legislation, the CLP Regulation, but some criteria and assessment procedures for the interpretation of the hazardousness were left open. Waste classification has several implications on the waste management. This report presents challenges in the hazardous waste classification. In this report, the authors express their views on the interpretation of the waste status, especially focusing on the potentially recyclable high volume waste streams. Also recommendations for the assessement of some hazardous properties are included.

The Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC (the Landfill Directive) was published on 16 January 2003. It should be implemented into national legislation in all member states and associated countries before 16 July 2004. In order to support and provide inspiration for this process, the Landfill Group under the Nordic Council of Ministers and the Centre for Waste Research (C-RES) decided to organise a joint seminar on sustainable landfill in view of the implementation of the EU Landfill Directive and the Council Decision on waste acceptance criteria. The seminar took place on June 18 and 19, 2003, at the Comwell conference centre in Holte, Denmark. This report documents the seminar and the most important conclusions and recommendations resulting from the discussions. Abstracts and slides are included in appendices.

Waste-derived aggregates are being considered as possible candidates for development of End-of-Waste (EoW) criteria at European Union (EU) level in accordance with Article 6 (1) of the EU Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) as a means of increasing the recovery of resources from waste. If a waste-derived aggregate achieves EoW status, it will become a (construction) product and hence be regulated by the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) which means that in most EU Member States there will be no applicable environmental protection regulation. It is therefore important that the criteria a waste-derived aggregate must fulfil to achieve and maintain EoW status ensure sufficient protection of the environment and human health. It is shown that EoW criteria that do not include restrictions on the conditions of the use of waste-derived aggregates for specific construction purposes will result in leaching limit values that are so stringent that very few, if any, waste-derived aggregates can meet them. It is therefore proposed to impose restrictions and conditions on the use as part of possible future EoW criteria for waste-derived aggregates, and a step-wise methodology for development of more realistic leaching limit values for EoWis outlined. The methodology incorporates the mitigating effects of various measures that reduce the potential environmental impact of construction applications with waste-derived aggregates. Recommendations are also made of the practical testing and documentation procedures for aggregates with EoW status within the framework of the CPR. ; Waste-derived aggregates are being considered as possible candidates for development of End-of-Waste (EoW) criteria at European Union (EU) level in accordance with Article 6 (1) of the EU Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) as a means of increasing the recovery of resources from waste. If a waste-derived aggregate achieves EoW status, it will become a (construction) product and hence be regulated by the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) which means that in most EU Member States there will be no applicable environmental protection regulation. It is therefore important that the criteria a waste-derived aggregate must fulfil to achieve and maintain EoW status ensure sufficient protection of the environment and human health. It is shown that EoW criteria that do not include restrictions on the conditions of the use of waste-derived aggregates for specific construction purposes will result in leaching limit values that are so stringent that very few, if any, waste-derived aggregates can meet them. It is therefore proposed to impose restrictions and conditions on the use as part of possible future EoW criteria for waste-derived aggregates, and a step-wise methodology for development of more realistic leaching limit values for EoWis outlined. The methodology incorporates the mitigating effects of various measures that reduce the potential environmental impact of construction applications with waste-derived aggregates. Recommendations are also made of the practical testing and documentation procedures for aggregates with EoW status within the framework of the CPR.

Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland with a capacity of about 90.2 Mt/a, generate 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). This solid residue contains minerals and metals, whereas metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. The work at hand provides an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation in the investigated countries and highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the leaching content are defined. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test are in place. An analysis of the weighting of each parameter relative to the totally generated IBA is expressed by a relevance level. The analysis indicates for leaching parameters average relevance levels of 36 wt.% and for total content parameters average relevance levels of 17 wt.%. This means for a significantly larger share of the entire generated IBA leaching parameters are more to be considered compared to total content parameters. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. It was found that 18% of all defined leaching limit values for utilisation match exactly the limit values for landfills for inert waste, 19% are stricter and therefore 63% of the values are less strict than the leaching limit values for landfills for inert waste. The overall utilisation rate is approximately 53 wt.%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances.

Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland with a capacity of about 90.2 Mt/a, generate 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). This solid residue contains minerals and metals, whereas metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. The work at hand provides an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation in the investigated countries and highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the leaching content are defined. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test are in place. An analysis of the weighting of each parameter relative to the totally generated IBA is expressed by a relevance level. The analysis indicates for leaching parameters average relevance levels of 36 wt.% and for total content parameters average relevance levels of 17 wt.%. This means for a significantly larger share of the entire generated IBA leaching parameters are more to be considered compared to total content parameters. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. It was found that 18% of all defined leaching limit values for utilisation match exactly the limit values for landfills for inert waste, 19% are stricter and therefore 63% of the values are less strict than the leaching limit values for landfills for inert waste. The overall utilisation rate is approximately 53 wt.%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances.

Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration plants in the EU, Norway, and Switzerland generate about 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). IBA contains minerals and metals. Metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. As a result from a cooperation network between European experts an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation is presented. Furthermore, this work highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the emission by leaching are defined. An analysis of the defined parameter reveals that leaching parameters are significantly more to be considered compared to total content parameters. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test (monolithic materials) are in place. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. The overall utilisation rate of IBA in construction works is approximately 54 wt.%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances.