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ABSTRACTThe notion of territoriality has changed in the Somali setting. Once it connoted flexibility and was mainly related to economic survival in a harsh environment; today (2016), after more than two decades of civil war, insecurity and foreign intervention, this notion is more rigid and exclusive. Clearly demarcated territory, inhabited by one group or at least under the control of a dominant group, has become a key political resource in an ongoing process of state formation. This article shows that territorialization in Somalia constitutes a complex mixture of bottom‐up and externally driven dynamics. It also shows that new forms of territoriality accompany new forms of sociality in the Somali setting. This is illustrated with regard to the diminishing relevance of cross‐cutting ties among Somali descent groups.

The conflict around Galgala, a small town in the Golis Mountains west of Bosaso in northern Somalia, poses the government of Puntland against clan militias and militant Islamists. The conflict was originally over natural resources, but soon turned into a conflict related to the 'global war on terrorism'. It is additionally complicated due to its location in the contested borderlands between Somaliland and Puntland. The article analyses the effects of these dynamics on the local population and, more generally, on stability and peace in the region. It argues that sustainable solutions to the ongoing conflict can only be found if one takes into account the legitimate claims of the Warsangeli, the clan to which the local mountain dwellers belong, regarding the protection of their land and their resources. The anti-terrorism discourse that is currently foregrounded, mainly by the government of Puntland and its allies including the USA, is likely to inhibit the understanding of issues at stake.

Somalia has been without effective state institutions since 1991. Over the past two decades, moderately effective state-like institutions have been rebuilt in Somaliland and Puntland in northern Somalia, but they do not enjoy international recognition and are limited in power and scope. This text concentrates on the integration of non-state actors, particularly traditional authorities, during the process of state-formation in Somaliland. Arguably, this integration has brought about a hybrid political system that functioned quite well during the first years of existence of Somaliland. Hybrid political systems are currently of great interest in various African settings, including the possibility of integrating traditional authorities into (local) government in South Sudan. These systems, however, mix modes of legitimacy of different political actors in a way that, in the long run, either undermines the democratic capabilities of modern states or seriously damages the credibility and effectiveness of traditional authorities. Thus, hybrid political systems may be a way to stabilize politics in a transitory phase (e.g., after civil war or independence) but they are not the easy way out of the dilemma that state institutions in many African states are weak, have only a very limited outreach and in many regards lack popular legitimacy.

This article deals with the roles & chances of the Somali diaspora in the collapsed state of Somalia, the autonomous region Puntland (that officially still belongs to Somalia) & the de facto state Somaliland. It illustrates the complexity of the Somali diaspora & highlights its agency with regard to the context of origin. Separate sections deal with diaspora & conflict escalation/perpetuation, the economic role of the diaspora, the social & cultural influence of the diaspora, & diaspora in politics & peacebuilding. The article concludes that diasporic activities in the Somali context are influenced by social factors (for example, the clan system), divisions within Islam, differences in living conditions in the countries of residence, developments 'at home' as well as by global developments (for example, the unfolding 'war on terror'). Adapted from the source document.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Notes on contributors -- 1 Processing the paradox: when the state has to deal with customary law -- 2 Bush-level bureaucrats in South African land restitution: implementing state law under chiefly rule -- 3 State police and tradition in post-war Mozambique: the dilemmas of claiming sovereignty in legal pluralistic contexts -- 4 Mixing oil and water? Colonial state justice and the challenge of witchcraft accusations in central Equatoria, southern Sudan -- 5 When the state is forced to deal with local law: approaches of and challenges for state actors in emerging South Sudan -- 6 Co-opted, abolished, democratized: the Guinean state's strategies to manage local elders -- 7 State-orchestrated access to land dispute settlement in Africa: land conflicts and new-wave land reform in Tanzania -- 8 One country, two systems: hybrid political orders and legal and political friction in Somaliland -- 9 The complexity of legal pluralist settings: an afterword -- Index

AbstractWe discuss the balancing acts of inclusion and exclusion by analysing how Somali migrants in Germany attempt to manoeuvre between various norms, individual interests and various social networks. Building on Glick Schiller and Caglar (2016), whose work on urban sociabilities emphasizes social relations in which people act as equals, we argue that ethnic (self‐)identification is important as it serves as a basis for boundary‐making and for bonding within and bridging and linking between groups. Thus, a focus on sociability and ethnic identification (as a category of praxis) can, in some cases, go hand in hand. Moreover, we argue that inclusion into local Somali communities, which is often discussed in public discourse as leading to exclusion from German society, helps to establish connections. Simultaneously, exclusion through racism can lead to (self‐)isolation of Somalis, but also places pressure on younger Somalis in particular to forge alliances with non‐Somali Germans to stabilize their situation. Balancing social inclusion and exclusion among Somali migrants in Germany therefore can have ambiguous and at times paradoxical outcomes.

Cet article rend compte de la formation étatique de facto de la République du Somaliland (Corne de l'Afrique), qui a fait sécession de la Somalie effondrée en mai 1991, mais qui manque toujours d'une reconnaissance internationale. Il éclaire les relations entre les décisions et les pratiques quotidiennes des hommes politiques locaux, des autorités traditionnelles, des membres de la diaspora et des gens ordinaires, ainsi que leurs conséquences souvent imprévisibles sur la formation étatique en cours. Il montre que la construction du Somaliland est aussi informée par des facteurs « externes » comme la faillite de la Somalie, l'état de guerre dans lequel elle se trouve, et le conflit avec le Puntland, une « contre-polity » du Somaliland établie dans le nord-est de la Somalie en 1998. Le cas du Somaliland offre une bonne illustration de la complexité des processus de construction étatique en général. Sa transformation d'un espace politique dévasté par la guerre en un État viable, bien que non reconnu internationalement, est un défi à tous les concepts téléologiques qui conçoivent la formation de l'État comme un procès linéaire ou encore aux approches top-down de la (re-)construction étatique.

DYNAMICS OF IDENTIFICATION AND CONFLICT -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: Approaching the Dynamics of Identification and Conflict through the Anthropology of Günther Schlee -- Part I - Pastoralists and Others: Identify, Territoriality, History and Politics -- Chapter 1 - What Do (Pastoralist) Women Want? Warfare, Cowardice and Sexuality in Northern Kenya -- Chapter 2 - Negotiating Complexity in East Africa: Landscape, Territoriality and Identify among Maa Speakers, North to South -- Chapter 3 - Where Do They Belong and What Belongs to Them? Acceptance of 'Sedentarizing' Fulbe and Rejection of Arab Returnees in Blue Nile State and Sennar State, Sudan -- Chapter 4 - Ethnicity, Identity and Citizenship of Recent Migrant Groups in Ghana -- Chapter 5 - Studying Conflict and Ethnicity through Performative and Audio-Visual Research Methods: Examples from Cameroon -- Part II - Conflict and Identification, Interests and Integration -- Chapter 6 - The Topography of Terrorism: Between Local Conflicts and Global Jihad -- Chapter 7 - Politics of Belonging and the Litmus Test of Retaliation -- Chapter 8 - Heroes and Identities: Relativism, Myth and Reality -- Chapter 9 - 'Kosta akwa': What an Italian Pidgin Poem from Tigray Says about Self-Image, Resistance and Conflict -- Chapter 10 - Integration Through Conflict: The Proliferation of Mutually Constructed Sacred Narratives in the Process of State (Re-)Formation in Ethiopia -- Chapter 11 - 'A Dimpled Spider, Fat and White': US Exceptionalism and the Accumulation of Terror -- Part III - Migration and Exclusion, Displacement and Emplacement -- Chapter 12 - From Bases of Identifications to Acts of Exclusion? Günther Schlee's Contibutions to the Max Planck Research Initiative on Migration -- Chapter 13 - Dilemmas of Identification: The Trader's Dilemma among Khorezmians in Tashkent.