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Der Autor vergleicht die Effizienzlohntheorie und die neoklassische Theorie hinsichtlich ihrer Erklärungsstärke von Lohnunterschieden. Er kommt zu dem Ergebnis, daß bestehende Lohndifferentiale durch die Effizienzlohntheorie besser erklärt werden können als durch die neoklassische Theorie der kompetitiven Arbeitsmärkte, insbesondere die Erklärung mittels kompensierender Lohndifferentiale konnte nicht bestätigt werden. Katz (1986) kommt für die USA zum Ergebnis, daß langfristige Lohndifferentiale von gleichen Arbeitern und Aufgabenbereichen darauf hindeuten, daß von einzelnen Unternehmen Effizienzlöhne gezahlt werden. Wie die Studien demonstrieren, ist es aber nicht möglich, die gesamte Lohnstruktur mit Hilfe der Effizienzlohnhypothese elegant abzubilden bzw. vollständig zu erklären. (IAB2)

The importance of active labor market policy (ALMP) has been rising over the last 10 years in Austria, with public expenditures now amounting to about 0.6% of GDP. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of active labor market policies in Austria. We study the development of policy strategies in terms of the offered program mix and public expenditures for labor market policy over time. We also present existing evidence on ALMP effectiveness by discussing the focus and results of the main Austrian evaluation studies. ; Die Bedeutung der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik hat in Österreich in den letzten 10 Jahren zugenommen. Deren Ausgaben machen aktuell 0,6% des BIP aus. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen kompakten Überblick über diese Maßnahmen. Untersucht werden die Politikstrategien im Hinblick auf die Zusammensetzung der Programme und deren Kosten im Zeitablauf. Die Wirkungen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik werden anhand der wesentlichen Evaluierungsstudien für Österreich diskutiert.

In Austria active job-search programs were introduced on a large scale in 1999. These programs aim at activating unemployed at an early stage and bringing them back to work by training job-search related skills. We evaluate the impact of active labour market programs in Austria on individual unemployment durations, and allow program effects to vary between active job-search programs and formal training programs. We use the timing-of-events method which estimates the program effect as a shift in the transition rate from unemployment to jobs at the moment of program entry. We find that participation in active job-search programs significantly reduces unemployment durations, whereas formal training programs have a negative effect on unemployment durations. For women all programs have positive effects.

In Austria job search programs were introduced on a large scale in 1999. These programs aim at activating unemployed at an early stage and bringing them back to work by training job search related skills. We evaluate the impact of active labour market programs in Austria on individual unemployment durations, and allow program effects to vary between job search programs and formal training programs. We use the timing-of-events method which estimates the program effect as a shift in the transition rate from unemployment to jobs at the moment of program entry. We find that participation in job search programs significantly reduces unemployment durations, whereas formal training programs have a negative effect on unemployment durations.

We investigate the dependence of the program effect on varying entry times for a low cost job-search assistance program in Austria. The Austrian targeting policy is to admit every unemployed to a job-search program before the fourth month. The program effect is measured by a shift in the transition rate into employment upon program entry, using the timing-of-events method. Our findings are that the program effect is positive and does not vary significantly for program entries during the first year of unemployment, but it drops drastically thereafter.

We use the labor force ad hoc module "transition from work into retirement" to analyze the link between individual as well as pension system characteristics and planned retirement age within the European Union. We find that timing of retirement is correlated between partners who are, already at the stage of retirement planning. In richer countries of the EU15, standard retirement age seems to have a larger effect on planned retirement age than in poorer EU15 states or in new EU member states. The effect of pension wealth is largest in the new EU member states and smallest in rich EU15 countries. Furthermore, industry and occupation effects differ by country type.

We use the labor force ad hoc module "transition from work into retirement" to analyze the link between individual as well as pension system characteristics and planned retirement age within the European Union. We find that timing of retirement is correlated between partners who are, already at the stage of retirement planning. In richer countries of the EU15, standard retirement age seems to have a larger effect on planned retirement age than in poorer EU15 states or in new EU member states. The effect of pension wealth is largest in the new EU member states and smallest in rich EU15 countries. Furthermore, industry and occupation effects differ by country type. (authors' abstract)