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Couverture -- Titre -- Copyright -- Collection -- Preface -- I. - International Perspective -- 1. - WRC-12: Evolution or Revolution? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. WRC-12: Organisation -- 3. Particular Matters -- 4. Conclusion -- 2. - Technical Issues and Empowerment of the ITU -- 1. Technical Resources -- 2. Technical Issues -- 2.1. Claims to 'Virtual Estate' -- 2.2. Paper Satellites -- 2.3. Phantom Satellites -- 2.4. Fly-by Satellites -- 2.5. Jamming and Other Harmful Interference -- 2.6. Terrestrial C-band 'Spectrum-grab' -- 3. ITU Empowerment -- 4. Conclusion -- 3. - Maintaining the Master International Frequency Register -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Role of the ITU -- 3. Radio Regulations -- 4. Table of Frequency Allocations -- 5. The Master International Frequency Register -- 6. Through the Looking Glass of International Law: the ITU System Analysed -- 7. Conclusion -- 4. - Orbit/Spectrum International Regulatory Framework Challenges in the 21st Century -- 1. The Tasks of the ITU -- 1.1. Radiocommunications -- 1.2. Standardization -- 1.3. Development -- 2. Mission of the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) -- 3. World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC) -- 4. ITU Commitment to Tackling Satellite Interference -- 5. Conclusion -- 5. - New Definition of 'Bringing Into Use' in the Radio Regulations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geostationary Orbit and Space Communication: High Demand and Limited Availability -- 3. Regulatory Framework Governing The Utilization of the Orbit/Spectrum Resource in the Geo -- 3.1. The Basic Instruments -- 3.2. Filing Process -- 3.3. Role of 'Bringing into Use' in the Radio Regulations -- 3.4. 'Paper Satellites': The Acquisition of Fictitious Assignments -- 4. WRC-12: New Definition of 'Bringing Into Use' -- 4.1. Different Positions and Eventual Agreement on 'Bringing into Use' at WRC-12.

Im Mittelpunkt des Buches steht die Frage, warum und wie weit die Transformationsstaaten Mittel- und Osteuropas ihre Rechtsordnungen für überstaatliche Rechtssysteme wie das Völkerrecht und das Gemeinschaftsrecht geöffnet haben. Als wichtigstes Merkmal für die Öffnung analysiert die Autorin Form und Grenzen der Umwandlung der überstaatlichen Regelungen in eine komplementäre Rechtsquelle. Die Erkenntnisse münden in der These, dass mit dem Grad der Offenheit einer Rechtsordnung auch die Wahrscheinlichkeit steigt, dass sie rechtsstaatlich ist.

In comparison with the broad spectrum of Luxembourg's activities, the national legal framework allowing for authorizing and supervising activities under Luxembourg's jurisdiction was narrow. The 1991 Law on Electronic Media allowed for the authorization of the SES telecommunication satellites. The 2017 Space Resources Law was adopted speedily to welcome operators in this specific area. A legal basis for other activities was missing – there were no binding provisions enabling domestic authorities to regulate launching of space objects, Earth observation, navigation, or on-orbit activities. The Law of 15 December 2020 on Space Activity fills this gap. From 1 January 2021 onwards, future Luxembourg space operators can apply for an authorization of their space activity in or out of its territory, and the conditions for a successful application are known, as are the price and consequences.

The contribution examines which elements of the ITU framework would be transferable to the future international regime of space resources activities. First, it gives a short description of space resources activities, followed by an overview of the ITU regime, which may be relevant from the perspective of space mining. Furthermore, it describes the provisions elaborated by The Hague Space Resources Governance Group, the Building Blocks, which show several resemblances with the ITU regime.

Projects related to space mining open numerous questions, including the guarantees of environmental standards of space activities. this contribution analyses the scope of the competences of COSPAR, the legal character of its recommendations, and their applicability to space mining.

The use of optical communication has many technical advantages. The thesis that it stands outside of any legal framework can, however, be hardly defended. Despite of the fact that the intensity of legal rules regulating the use of optical communication is lower that eg the use of radio frequences, both ITU basic texts and the UN space treaties contain binding rules which have to be respected.

Cover -- I. Preface -- 4th Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite Communication Law -- 4th Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite Communication Law -- II. Ownership of Satellites: A Simple Legal Fact with Complex Consequences -- Ownership of Satellites: A Simple Legal Fact with Complex Consequences -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Transfer of Ownership of Space Objects in International Law of Outer Space -- 3. Ownership or Use of Satellites by Several Entities -- 4. The Use of Spectrum by Various Owners or Users of Satellites -- 5. Specific Forms of Limitations of the Exercise of Ownership Rights connected with Space Activities -- 6. Conclusion -- III. Transfer of Ownership of Space Objects in International Law of Outer Space -- Transfer of Ownership in Orbit: from Fiction to Problem -- Abstract -- 1. From Fiction to Fact -- 2. Transfer of Ownership in Orbit in Existing Space Law -- 3. 'So what's the Problem?' -- 4. Back to Practice: Confusion Rules -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- The Relevance of the Concept of 'Ownership' in Space Activities and their Regulation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Concept of Ownership in International Space Law -- 2.1 The 1967 UN Outer Space Treaty -- 2.2 The 1972 UN Liability Convention -- 2.3 The 1979 UN Moon Agreement -- 2.4 General Assessment -- 3. The Concept of Ownership in other International Agreements on Space Activities and in National Space Laws -- 3.1 The UNIDROIT Protocol -- 3.2 IGA ISS -- 3.3 ESA -- 3.4 National Space Laws -- Sweden, United States, United Kingdom, France -- Russia -- Australia -- Belgium -- 4. Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Cross-Border Transfer of Operation (Ownership) of Satellites - Solutions in Line with the Space Treaties -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Use of Terms -- 3. Theoretical Background