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In June 2016, British voters took part in a referendum on the UK's membership of the European Union (EU). By a margin of 52%:48%, they voted to leave. Studies have demonstrated that fixed demographic factors were the best predictors of voting intentions in either direction, or that 'Leave' voters were driven by perceived threats from immigration. In this paper, we examine the role of moral intuitions in referendum voting intentions. In Study 1, demographic variables did not predict voting intentions after adding psychological variables to our statistical model. Instead, voting 'Leave' was predicted by political conservatism, social change insecurities, and placing moral importance on personal liberty. In contrast, only an adherence to the care foundation of morality predicted 'Remain' voting. These findings were also reflected in linguistic analyses of campaign materials and news items (Study 2). We discuss these data in relation to common discourses around the Brexit vote.

Recent advances in software and hardware have allowed eye tracking to move away from static images to more ecologically relevant video streams. The analysis of eye tracking data for such dynamic stimuli, however, is not without challenges. The frame-by-frame coding of regions of interest (ROIs) is labour-intensive and computer vision techniques to automatically code such ROIs are not yet mainstream, restricting the use of such stimuli. Combined with the more general problem of defining relevant ROIs for video frames, methods are needed that facilitate data analysis. Here, we present a first evaluation of an easy-to-implement data-driven method with the potential to address these issues. To test the new method, we examined the differences in eye movements of self-reported politically left- or right-wing leaning participants to video clips of left- and right-wing politicians. The results show that our method can accurately predict group membership on the basis of eye movement patterns, isolate video clips that best distinguish people on the political left–right spectrum, and reveal the section of each video clip with the largest group differences. Our methodology thereby aids the understanding of group differences in gaze behaviour, and the identification of critical stimuli for follow-up studies or for use in saccade diagnosis.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Editors -- About the Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Part I Introduction -- Chapter 1 An Overview of Violent Behaviour from Aggression to Homicide: Theory, Research, and Practice -- Introduction and Overview -- Definitions of Violence and Aggression -- The Magnitude and Scope of Violence in Modern Society as Illustrated by Homicide -- Theories of Aggression and Violence -- Assessment and Prediction of Violent Behaviour -- A Collective Response: Three Tiers of Violence Crime Prevention -- Future Directions: Global and Local -- References -- Chapter 2 What Do We Know About Violent Offending Behaviour? -- Overview -- Rates of Occurrence -- Explanations and Theory Related to Violent Behaviour -- Types of Violence -- Associated Contributors - Person‐Based -- Associated Contributors - Contextual Factors -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 3 What Works with Violent Offenders: A Response to 'Nothing Works' -- Introduction -- Reducing Aggression and Violence -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II What Works in Violence Risk Assessment -- Chapter 4 From Predicting Dangerousness to Assessing and Managing Risk for Violence: A Journey Across Four Generations -- Introduction -- Foundation Issues -- Approaches to Assessing Risk for Violence -- Violence Risk Schemes -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Violence Risk Formation: The Move Towards Collaboratively Produced, Strengths-Based Safety Planning -- Introduction -- The Relationship Between Formulations and Actuarial Measures of Risk -- Top Down and Bottom Up Approaches to Looking at the Data -- Making Logical Inferences Based on the Nomothetic Literature About the Individual Case -- The Turn Towards Strengths-Based Practice -- Formulation as Causal Modelling Linking Evidence to Practice -- Sequential Analysis.

Introduction: Data from several areas of public health (e.g., harmful alcohol and tobacco) are consistent with the assertion that children's exposure to advertising strategies increases intention to consume such products. Most studies have measured self-rated impact of gambling advertising using questionnaires. Given that gambling advertisements come in different forms such as print media/television advertising and contain variable content, it is difficult to understand using subjective measures which aspects of the gambling advertisements increase craving and desire to trigger a gambling session. In the present study, we applied a novel data-driven methodology that directly tracks eye movements to reveal attentional biases towards gambling adverts and promotions by examining differences in young people's eye gaze behaviour when watching gambling and non-gambling (control) moving adverts. Method: A total of 98 (16–18 years old) children who self-identify as having a low or high craving to gambling watched gambling and non-gambling (control) television adverts, while their eye movements were recorded. Results: The results show that the data-driven method can isolate video clips that best distinguish people on the low-high craving spectrum, reveal the type of each video clip with the largest group differences, and accurately predict young people's gambling craving on the basis of eye movement patterns. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that young people's craving for gambling can be predicted based on their eye movements to video clips of gambling advertisements and that certain features of gambling advertisements may be more appealing to some group of viewers, particularly those with high craving for gambling.

Purpose
Fire setters who have an intellectual disability (ID) are often identified as posing a particular danger to the community although relatively little is known about their characteristics, treatment and support needs. The paper aims to discuss this issue.


Design/methodology/approach
This study describes the characteristics of 134 residents of low, medium and high security ID facilities in the UK who have either an index offence of arson, a violent index offence or a sexual index offence.


Findings
Index arson offenders who had an ID had multiple prior convictions, a history of violent offending and a high likelihood of having a comorbid mental disorder. There were many shared characteristics across the three groups.


Practical implications
The current study suggests that offenders who have ID who set fires have treatment needs that are similar to those of violent and sex offenders. It follows that fire setters who have an ID may also benefit from participating in more established offending behaviour treatment programs, such as cognitive behaviour therapy programs, developed for other types of offender.


Originality/value
This study is one of the few which has investigated the characteristics and treatment needs of persons who have an ID who set fires. In particular, it is one of the first to compare the characteristics and treatment needs for persons with ID who set fires, to those who have committed violent and sexual offences.

PurposeOver the last ten years, there has been greater interest in the diagnosis of personality disorder (PD) in people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). One important characteristic of a diagnostic system is that it should have validity as a contribution to utility. PD has been found to have a predictive relationship with violence and the purpose of this paper is to review two methods for the diagnosis of PD in offenders with IDD in order to evaluate the utility of the diagnoses.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 212 offenders with ID were recruited from three settings – maximum-security, medium/low security and community services. Diagnoses of PD in the case files were compared with a structured system of diagnosis based on DSM-IV traits.FindingsThere were significant differences between the two systems with a significantly higher frequency of PD diagnosis in the community forensic setting in the structured assessment system. There was no relationship between the case files diagnosis of PD and future violence but there was a significant predictive relationship between the structured diagnosis of PD and future violence with an AUC=0.62.Research limitations/implicationsAs with all such studies, the research is limited by the quality of the case files available to the researchers.Practical implicationsOnly the structured assessment of PD had utility for the prediction of violence. Reasons for the differences between the systems are discussed and suggestions made on how a diagnosis of PD can be structured for the busy clinician.Social implicationsThe accurate diagnosis of PD has important implications since the PD is a crucial addition to any violence risk evaluation.Originality/valueThis study is the first of its kind to review the way in which clinicians assess PD.