VLBA polarimetric monitoring of 3C 111
Context. While studies of large samples of jets of active galactic nuclei (AGN) are important in order to establish a global picture, dedicated single-source studies are an invaluable tool for probing crucial processes within jets on parsec scales. These processes involve in particular the formation and geometry of the jet magnetic field as well as the flow itself. Aims. We aim to better understand the dynamics within relativistic magneto-hydrodynamical flows in the extreme environment and close vicinity of supermassive black holes. Methods. We analyze the peculiar radio galaxy 3C 111, for which long-Term polarimetric observations are available. We make use of the high spatial resolution of the VLBA network and the MOJAVE monitoring program, which provides high data quality also for single sources and allows us to study jet dynamics on parsec scales in full polarization with an evenly sampled time-domain. While electric vectors can probe the underlying magnetic field, other properties of the jet such as the variable (polarized) flux density, feature size, and brightness temperature, can give valuable insights into the flow itself. We complement the VLBA data with data from the IRAM 30-m Telescope as well as the SMA. Results. We observe a complex evolution of the polarized jet. The electric vector position angles (EVPAs) of features traveling down the jet perform a large rotation of &180across a distance of about 20 pc. As opposed to this smooth swing, the EVPAs are strongly variable within the first parsecs of the jet.We find an overall tendency towards transverse EVPAs across the jet with a local anomaly of aligned vectors in between. The polarized flux density increases rapidly at that distance and eventually saturates towards the outermost observable regions. The transverse extent of the flow suddenly decreases simultaneously to a jump in brightness temperature around where we observe the EVPAs to turn into alignment with the jet flow. Also the gradient of the feature size and particle density with distance steepens significantly at that region. Conclusions. We interpret the propagating polarized features as shocks and the observed local anomalies as the interaction of these shocks with a localized recollimation shock of the underlying flow. Together with a sheared magnetic field, this shock-shock interaction can explain the large rotation of the EVPA. The superimposed variability of the EVPAs close to the core is likely related to a clumpy Faraday screen, which also contributes significantly to the observed EVPA rotation in that region.© ESO 2018. ; T.B. is grateful for fruitful discussions with M. Lyutikov and E. Kravchenko, and thanks D. Gabuzda for her input that helped to improve the paper. We thank the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.; this research has made use of data from the MOJAVE database that is maintained by the MOJAVE team (Lister et al. 2009) and IRAM, which is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany) and IGN (Spain). This work has benefited from research funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme. The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. We also thank J. E. Davis for the development of the slxfig module that has been used to prepare the figures in this work. We made use of ISIS functions provided by ECAP/Remeis observatory and MIT (http://www.sternwarte.uni-erlangen.de/isis/) as well as the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. M.P. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (grants AYA2013-40979-P, and AYA2013-48226- C3-2-P) and from the local Valencian Government (Generalitat Valenciana, grant Prometeo-11/2014/069). I.A. acknowledges support by a Ramon y Cajal grant of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain. A.B.P. and Y.Y.K. acknowledge partial support by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 17-02-00197), by the government of the Russian Federation (agreement 05.Y09.21.0018), and by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. E.R. acknowledges partial support by the Spanish MINECO project AYA2012-38491-C02-01 and by the Generalitat Valenciana project PROMETEOII/2014/057. T.S. was funded by the Academy of Finland projects 274477 and 284495. The research at the IAA-CSIC was supported in part by the MINECO through grants AYA2016-80889-P, AYA2013-40825-P, and AYA2010-14844, and by the regional government of Andalucia through grant P09-FQM-4784.