Suchergebnisse

Three processes provided a dynamic of violence that involved the whole continent of Europe in varying degrees. First, "total war" meant the escalation of violence applied to the entire population of enemy states. Second, "totalitarian" ideologies drew on the experience of war and sought to annihilate their own projected antagonists. Third, the tension between territory, peoples, and nation-states was resolved through ethnic violence. The worst episodes of violence, especially the Holocaust, combined all three processes. Democratic states were affected by the same violence but to a much lesser extent, due to inbuilt restraints. Determining whether this dynamic of violence was distinctively European or one dimension of a wider modernity means rethinking European history in a global historical context.

Since the eighteenth century, relations between civilian populations and wartime violence have passed through three stages. First, the politicisation of war. The leveé en masse, an invention of the French Revolution, involves a total mobilisation of the population for war ‐ an idea that reached its zenith in the twentieth century's two World Wars. The same logic of total mobilisation turns the enemy population as a whole into a legitimate target of military violence. Second, the industrial revolution and technological progress have made it possible to unleash unprecedented destructive power against civilians. Last, in the half century following the Second World War, the politicisation and industrialisation of war have been altering (and redressing) the substantial military imbalance between Europe and the European colonies. Extreme violence against civilian populations results in part from these changes in the way war is waged. However, it is also a product of how 'normality' is defined in warfare and the perception by contemporaries that, under certain circumstances, such norms are completely inva‐lid. Extreme violence constitutes, so to speak, an 'extreme moment' in war.

Since the 18th century, relations between civilian populations & wartime violence have passed through three stages. First, the politicization of war. The levee en masse, an invention of the French Revolution, involves a total mobilization of the population for war -- an idea that reached its zenith in the 20th century's WWI & WWII. The same logic of total mobilization turns the enemy population as a whole into a legitimate target of military violence. Second, the industrial revolution & technological progress have made it possible to unleash unprecedented destructive power against civilians. Last, in the half-century following WWII, the politicization & industrialization of war have been altering (& redressing) the substantial military imbalance between Europe & the European colonies. Extreme violence against civilian populations results in part from these changes in the way war is waged. However, it is also a product of how "normality" is defined in warfare & the perception by contemporaries that, under certain circumstances, such norms are completely invalid. Extreme violence constitutes, so to speak, an "extreme moment" in war. 1 Photograph, 24 References. Adapted from the source document.

Since the 18th century, relations between civilian populations and wartime violence have passed through three stages. First, the politicization of war. The levee en masse, an invention of the French Revolution, involves a total mobilization of the population for war - an idea that reached its zenith in the 20th century's WWI and WWII. The same logic of total mobilization turns the enemy population as a whole into a legitimate target of military violence. Second, the industrial revolution and technological progress have made it possible to unleash unprecedented destructive power against civilians. Last, in the half-century following WWII, the politicization and industrialization of war have been altering (and redressing) the substantial military imbalance between Europe and the European colonies. Extreme violence against civilian populations results in part from these changes in the way war is waged. However, it is also a product of how 'normality' is defined in warfare and the perception by contemporaries that, under certain circumstances, such norms are completely invalid. Extreme violence constitutes, so to speak, an 'extreme moment' in war. 1 Photograph, 24 References. (Original abstract - amended)

This article argues that the recent growth of interest in the body in Western social science has been largely based on Western assumptions of social development. In particular, studies of sport and body culture more generally have either ignored non-Western societies, such as Japan, or sustained stereotypical views of Japanese culture. As a small amount of research being developed by anthropologists suggests, the study of sport and body culture in Japan reveals similarities and differences with the West. The pattern of Japanese social development is both a route to modernity and one of the roots of modernity. Reflections on three areas (body culture, physical culture and sport) illustrate this argument and suggest where further research is required.

En août 1914, un million et demi de soldats allemands déferlèrent sur Des zones le plus souvent très peuplées de belgique et de france, avant De s'arrêter devant paris et de s'installer pendant quatre ans dans une Guerre de tranchées. Si cette dernière est parvenue ensuite à s'imposer Dans le souvenir du conflit, il n'en a pas été de même pour les contemporains, Pour qui le sens de la guerre devait beaucoup aux circonstances de Son éclatement et à l'expérience de la phase initiale d'invasions.

This paper was partly stimulated by a dissatisfaction with the recent debates about sport and globalization. It is also meant as a contribution to comparative and political sociology, in which Japan has never fitted particularly well. Rather than seeing the growth of modern sport and leisure in Japan as the product of an unfolding process of diffusion and emulation, attention will be focused on the forms of resistance that have accompanied its development. This approach is outlined in a sketch of movements and campaigns organized over the location of sports and leisure resorts, especially golf courses, in Japan and the Asian-Pacific region.