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The article highlights existing approaches to the theoretical and methodological comprehension of the problems of researching the cultural heritage of European civilization. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main epistemological trends in the study of European civilization cultural heritage. The methodological basis of the article is a civilization analysis. The scientific novelty of the article is to systematize the conceptual achievements of various scientists who adhere to a civilization approach to the study of European cultural heritage. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, competition between the German-speaking and Slavic cultural areals intensified. M. Danilevsky in classical work «Russia and Europe» conceptualized the sociocultural differences between two European worlds. The author emphasized their equivalence in terms of historical development. The scientific approach of O. Shpengler is very original. He proved a pessimistic thesis on the decline of European culture, which is degenerate in civilization in the XX century, a civilization paradigm develops successfully. A. Toynbi, F. Brodel, I. Vallerstain expanded the theoretical and methodological principles of civilization research. These authors showed dialectics of mutual influences of global and local processes. Significant contribution to the methodology of comparative analysis of sociocultural values of civilization was made by the classic of sociological thought Max Weber. He developed a methodology and collected an interesting actual material for comparing the labor ethics of various world religions, which is still an urgent problem of historical social globalistics. The conclusions of the article state that in the early ХХІ century, the cultural legacy of European civilization became global. Not least this happened due to the long global domination of the British Empire. The Great Britain Exit from the European Union is not so much evidence of «Twilight Europe», as evidence of the Duality of the European Anglo-Saxon and ...

The paper analyzes the main features of the historical development of Pakistan statehood. The idea of creating a «pure» Islamic state caused primarily the separation of Pakistan from British India in 1947. Since then, the Islamic factor has become crucial for the evolution of Pakistan statehood. Pakistan is a federation of tribes with weak central institutions, although the state has qualified post-colonial elite. Some Pakistani Muslims consider Islam to be a perfect religion that does not require a Western model of democracy. Others believe that Islam is democratic in its essence. In response, radical Islamists call Western forms of education incompatible with Islamic values. Pakistan political system is characterized by personalist authoritarianism as an authoritarian regime of power. Armed forces under the authoritarian regimes are not only the instrument of the power of ruling bureaucratic groups but also directly influence political processes, the transformation of social structures, development of the main trends of domestic and foreign policy. It is proved that the formation of the Pakistan political nation is complicated with interethnic, confessional, socio-economic and regional contradictions. Political elites in Pakistan had determined the confrontation with India as the strategic objective of the state. It is shown that the creation of atomic weapons only emphasized the asymmetry of the potential of India and Pakistan. The possession of atomic weapons could not solve the «tribal» problems of Pakistan statehood. ; В статье проанализированы основные особенности исторического развития государственности Пакистана. Отделение Пакистана от Британской Индии в 1947 г. было обусловлено, прежде всего, идеей создания «чистого» исламского государства. С тех пор исламский фактор стал определяющим для эволюции пакистанской государственности. Доказано, что формирование пакистанской политической нации затруднено межэтническими, межконфессиональными, социально-экономическими и региональными противоречиями. ; У статті проаналізовано основні особливості історичного розвитку державності Пакистану. Відокремлення Пакистану від Британської Індії 1947р. було обумовлено передусім ідеєю створення «чистої» ісламської держави. Відтоді ісламський фактор став визначальним для еволюції пакистанської державності. Доведено, що формування пакистанської політичної нації ускладнено міжетнічними, міжконфесійними, соціально-економічними та регіональними протиріччями.

The role and place of Pakistan in contemporary international relations are analyzed in the paper. It is noted that, after gaining nuclear weapons, Pakistan has been considering itself a state that has managed to establish relative military-political parity with India. The status of a nuclear power has made Pakistan one of the leaders of the Islamic world. At the same time, after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, Pakistan supported, for political reasons, the US counter-terrorism operation in neighboring Afghanistan. That made it possible to neutralize the negative effects of the international sanctions regime, introducing after the 1998 nuclear tests. It is shown that the nuclear factor alone is not enough for Pakistan to enter the circle of developed states of the modern system of international relations. A considerable impediment to the democratization of Pakistan society remains its traditionalism, inter-ethnic and inter-confessional problems. The military regime has not gained much public support. The majority of Pakistani Muslims are convinced that the ruling elite have no right to convert the Islamic state into a secular state. The military regime never received reliable social and political support. It was during the governing of the military that the rights of non-Muslim citizens of Pakistan, as well as Pakistani women, were somewhat broadened. Pakistan Islamists have proven that the capabilities of the army are not all-powerful. Pakistan is the only nuclear power among the 56 states participating in the activities of the intergovernmental Organization of the Islamic Conference. Its main goal is to strengthen Islamic solidarity, to consolidate the efforts of Muslim states, to develop unified approaches to current issues of modernity in the interests and for the benefit of Islamic peoples. Pakistan remains an internally unstable state. Ethnic and religious contradictions are exacerbating against the background of increasing social imbalances. The Islamic fundamentalist project remains an actual alternative to the existing political regime in Pakistan. Radical Pakistan Islamists continue to consider the West's modernizing global activity as a continuation of the crusades. The «Islamite model» also cannot reconcile the Sunni majority and the Shiite minority in the structure of Pakistan society. Due to the dominance of these trends, modern-day Pakistan has found itself in a «deadlock» of its development. ; В статье проанализированы роль и место Пакистана в современных международных отношениях. Отмечается, что после овладения ядерным оружием Пакистан позиционирует себя как государство, которое смогло установить относительный паритет с Индией. Статус ядерной державы превратил Пакистан в одного из лидеров исламского мира. После терактов 11сентября 2001г. Пакистан, исходя из политических соображений, поддержал антитеррористическую операцию США в соседнем Афганистане. Это дало возможность нейтрализовать негативные последствия международного режима санкций, которые были введены после ядерных испытаний 1998 года. Показано, что только фактора наличия ядерного оружия недостаточно для вхождения Пакистана в круг развитых государств современной системы международных отношений. ; У статті проаналізовано роль і місце Пакистану у сучасних міжнародних відносинах. Зазначається, що після оволодіння ядерною зброєю Пакистан позиціонує себе як держава, яка спромоглася встановити відносний воєнно-політичний паритет з Індією. Статус ядерної держави перетворив Пакистан на одного із лідерів ісламського світу. Водночас після терактів 11вересня 2001р. Пакистан, виходячи з політичних міркувань, підтримав антитерористичну операцію США у сусідньому Афганістані. Це дало можливість нейтралізувати негативні наслідки міжнародного режиму санкцій, який було запроваджено після ядерних випробувань 1998 року. Показано, що лише фактору ядерної зброї недостатньо для входження Пакистану у коло розвинутих держав сучасної системи міжнародних відносин.

The fact that India, as a major regional state in South Asia, is a key factor in shaping the security system is stated in the paper. The country is one of the most populated countries in the world. Hindustan is an extremely complex region where interstate confrontations, which immensely complicate the process of regional security creation, take place. For the economies of most South Asia states, poverty and uneven development are inherent. The South Asian region remains in a state of systemic India-Pakistan confrontation. Two countries are constantly building up their armaments and modernizing their own armed forces. Military men occupy a special place in the political life of Pakistan. On the one hand, Pakistan military men prevent radical Islamists coming to power; on the other hand, the rule of the Pakistan military men has anti-democratic character. In addition, the Pakistan army is trying to play the role of an arbitrator in the country's internal political life. The regional confrontation in South Asia is a consequence of the geopolitical conflicts of the regional countries national interests. In addition, the challenges to security in the region are high birthrate, which has a negative impact on the environment, and resources scarcity. The risks that threaten the security of Hindustan are caused by «internal» factors (poverty, hunger, resources scarcity, including food and drinking water, interreligious clashes, unemployment, and excessive urbanization), and in the security hierarchy, they refer to military threats. However, under the conditions of globalization, the dividing line between internal and foreign policy is becoming less and less noticeable. The unsettled relationships between Delhi and Islamabad remain the key reason for the regional security system absence. However, after conducting nuclear tests in India and Pakistan, the balance of power in the region is provided by a nuclear weapon factor. It disciplines the ruling elites in these countries and motivates them to maintain the existing balance of power. The military-nuclear balance between Delhi and Islamabad helps to reduce the risks of developing wars with the use of conventional weapons into direct conflict with the use of nuclear weapons. Nevertheless, it is still not possible to create a regional security system. ; У статті відзначено ключову роль Індії у формуванні регіональної системи безпеки у Південній Азії. Південно-азійський регіон залишається у стані системної індійсько-пакистанської конфронтації. Неврегульованість відносин між Делі й Ісламабадом залишається ключовою причиною відсутності регіональної системи безпеки. Після проведення Індією та Пакистаном ядерних випробувань, баланс сил у регіоні підтримується фактором ядерної зброї, але вибудувати регіональну систему безпеки досі не вдається.