Suchergebnisse

Abstract
After his release from prison in 1963, Ferenc Mérei (1909–1986), a Hungarian psychologist and pedagogue, started working at the National Institute of Neurology and Mental Health (oie), where he and his colleagues established the foundations of Hungarian clinical psychology. The oie was a closed institution dealing with mentally ill patients living on the margins of society, but prisonization also affected the healthy staff. Mérei did not see this liminal situation as a twist of fate but as an opportunity: it was not synonymous with social exclusion but a kind of inverted status in which it was possible to develop a framework for truth-telling and authentic living. According to Victor Turner's approach, people in a liminal state form communities and learn the implicit language that guarantees the conditions for truth-telling and protects truth-tellers from possible retaliation. Connotation is the key concept in this hermetic use of language, which, as Mérei writes, is "only a part of a hidden whole, known and understood only by the 'accomplices,' the 'initiated' […]." By examining the expressions, "informal rank," "hiding kuruc," "hiding college," and "hiding school," which often appear in Mérei's works, we can observe that these were not only the key concepts of his life story but also the outlines of the social organization of the socialist era in Hungary. They are concepts of a non-democratic age in which "real life" in the moral sense and "real achievement" in the scientific sense were politically persecuted. In this approach, what is seen, read, heard, consumed, and publicly available is all just a false front; the true spirit is forced into opposition or moved underground. This framework refers to the Rákosi and Kádár eras, but at the same time, it opens up to us the meta-history of centuries of persecution.

Hunting played a prominent role in the life of the political elite of the Kádár era; besides recreation, it also provided an excellent opportunity for relationship building. In our study we set out to identify certain features of power dynamics, as well as structural characteristics of the system based on the trophy presentation lists of one of the most remarkable hunting associations of the era, Egyetértés, founded exclusively for the members of the political elite. The results confirmed our initial hypotheses suggesting that a reflection of the slow decomposition of the system could be observed through the hunting customs. Over time the leading political members of the hunting association Egyetértés hunted less and less together, with the network of joint hunting collaterally losing its density, showing a diminished clustering coefficient and sabotage tolerance. Signs of the decay of the system were clearly reflected by hunting customs and the hunting network. Nevertheless, the data demonstrate more than that: they mark the actors' informal position within the power structure, while at the same time outlining the path of power dynamics of the given figures. ; Hunting played a prominent role in the life of the political elite of the Kádár era; besides recreation, it also provided an excellent opportunity for relationship building. In our study we set out to identify certain features of power dynamics, as well as structural characteristics of the system based on the trophy presentation lists of one of the most remarkable hunting associations of the era, Egyetértés, founded exclusively for the members of the political elite. The results confirmed our initial hypotheses suggesting that a reflection of the slow decomposition of the system could be observed through the hunting customs. Over time the leading political members of the hunting association Egyetértés hunted less and less together, with the network of joint hunting collaterally losing its density, showing a diminished clustering coefficient and sabotage tolerance. Signs of the decay of the system were clearly reflected by hunting customs and the hunting network. Nevertheless, the data demonstrate more than that: they mark the actors' informal position within the power structure, while at the same time outlining the path of power dynamics of the given figures.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The link between gaming disorder (GD) and substance use amongst adolescents is not clear. Some studies reported positive associations, whereas others suggested that alcohol and illicit drug use are not related to GD severity. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The present study aimed to identify empirically based latent classes of alcohol and illicit drug use amongst adolescents and explore their associations with GD symptom severity and whether endorsement of specific criteria of GD is linked to the membership of latent classes of alcohol and illicit drug use. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Data of the national sample of Hungarian adolescents from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey (<i>N</i> = 2,768; females: 52.08%; mean age: 16.73 years) were analysed. Measures for frequency of alcohol and illicit drug use, gaming, GD symptom severity, and life satisfaction were included in the analyses. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Latent class analysis discriminated 4 subgroups of alcohol and illicit drug use: polysubstance users, high-risk alcohol users, moderate alcohol users, and infrequent substance users. Polysubstance users presented significantly higher levels of GD symptom severity and higher odds for endorsement of criteria of "giving up other activities" and "negative consequences." <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Positive associations were shown between higher GD severity and the polysubstance using class. The roles of criteria of "giving up other activities" and "negative consequences" were highlighted in more severe substance use patterns. However, GD severity and criteria did not differ as a function of the level of alcohol use. These findings may imply common roots of GD and illicit drug use in adolescents.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Different classification models have been proposed to explain the heterogeneity of alcohol-related problems in general populations. Such models suggest quantitatively or qualitatively different symptom endorsement characteristics between subgroups of alcohol drinkers. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The present study aimed to identify homogenous subgroups of drinkers in a general population sample in addition to examining the relationship between the subgroups and psychopathological symptoms. <b><i>Method:</i></b> Data of past-year alcohol users (<i>n</i> = 1,520) were analyzed from the nationally representative sample of the National Survey on Addiction Problems in Hungary 2015. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify subgroups of drinkers based on the dichotomous indicator items of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression and multiple comparisons were performed to explore the relationship between latent classes and socio-demographical variables and psychopathological symptoms. <b><i>Results:</i></b> LCA suggested a 3-class model: "Light alcohol drinkers" (71.6%), "Alcohol drinkers with low risk of dependence" (19.3%), and "Alcohol drinkers with severe dependence symptoms" (9.1%). More severe subgroups showed significantly higher level of anxiety, depression, hostility, obsessive-compulsivity, interpersonal sensitivity, and psychiatric or alcohol use disorder-related treatment involvement. Male gender, younger age, lower level of educational achievement, and earlier onset of the first alcoholic drink were associated with membership of more severe subgroups. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The present results indicated that severity-based subgroups of drinkers can be discriminated. Approximately 9% of the alcohol users showed severe symptoms of alcohol dependence. The present data also supported the association between more severe forms of alcohol consumption, and internalizing and externalizing characteristics. Although the 2 at-risk classes of alcohol drinkers did not differ in terms of alcohol consumption-related measures, they were distinguished by the level of harmful consequences due to alcohol use, psychopathological symptoms and psychiatric treatment history.

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Konzeption und die methodischen Schritte des Projekts HORA 3.0, in dem Hochwasserrisikoflächen für ganz Österreich berechnet wurden. Die Analyseschritte umfassen: Qualitätskontrolle und Korrektur des Gewässernetzes und der Einzugsgebietsgrenzen; Berechnung der Abflussscheitel und Frachten gegebener Jährlichkeit; Erstellung eines digitalen Höhenmodells, das mit allen relevanten Hochwasserinformationen, einschließlich der Flussbettgeometrie, übereinstimmt; instationäre, zweidimensionale Simulation der Überflutungsflächen mit konsistenter Jährlichkeit. In jedem Schritt werden automatische und manuelle Verfahren kombiniert, um die lokalen hydrologischen und hydraulischen Bedingungen in einem bundesweiten Projekt möglichst zutreffend abzubilden. Die Hochwasserrisikoflächen mit einer Auflösung von 2 m für eine Gesamtflusslänge von 32.000 km sind bereits auf der HORA-Plattform (www.hora.gv.at) veröffentlicht. Das entwickelte Instrumentarium kann für weiterführende Projekte verwendet werden, wie z. B. für Visualisierungen, Schadensauswertungen und in Zukunft für die Berechnung pluvialer Hochwassergefahren.