Suchergebnisse

Characteristics of soc stratification in econ'ly backward societies, & the change which accompanies the econ growth process are discussed. Any soc system may be conceived as structured to meet certain exigencies & to fulfill the needs of the society in the econ, pol'al solidarity-oriented, & cultural dimensions. Variables determining the development & establishment of a given set of structures include the resources over which the society has control. Sanctions involve both rewards & deprivations & are usually employed to control or induce changes in individual behavior. Structures, collectivities, sanctions & norms tend to become instit'ized, provoking clear expectations of action patterns through their combination into a single complex. It is hoped that concentration on class stratification & Soc-psychol'al variables may help in evaluating the stratification changes which must enter into the process of relatively rapid econ development. Important aspects determining stratification patterns in non-indust'ized countries are: (1) The dichotomy between the elite & the mass; (2) The assignment of SS & role by the principle of ascription as against that of achievement; & (3) relatively little DofL. 2 further general considerations are the problems of differentiation & of the control of sanctions. Various stratification patterns may be observed in societies entering a period of econ growth. In many parts of Africa egalitarian features exist in the econ sector, but soc & pol'al relations are based on hierarchies. In Middle Eastern & South Asian societies, a highly differentiated stratification system was already in existence before the introduction of new econ goals, with business entrepreneurs occupying a low SS. In other societies the general class stratification is bimodal in that a small dominant class is confronted by a pol'ly powerless mass. There is a full contrast between the soc structures of pre-indust'al societies & those in the more advanced societies where econ performance is one of the major status-providing variables. J. Field (Modified).

The purpose of this paper is to present briefly the theories of secular social and economic development which can be found in the work of Karl Marx and to place them within the context of general thought and theorizing on these matters during the nineteenth century. I shall not present in this paper any new interpretations of Marx's theories, but shall merely try to show that Marx's views are related at many points to other theories on social and economic development proposed during his life and that in many ways he must be regarded as a typical thinker of that period of European social thought.