Suchergebnisse

YÖK Tez No: 642382 ; Ekolojik olarak Doğu Bengal'ın dinamik bir yapıya sahip olması, içinde bulunduğu dünyanın en büyük deltası olan Bengal Deltası'ndan kaynaklıdır. Çok ciddi bir önem taşımasına rağmen Bengal Deltası bölgesel tarih yazımında yeterli seviyede temsil edilmemiştir. Iftekhar Iqbal, bölge üzerine yaptığı değerlendirmesinde ekolojik sınıflandırma yaparak durumu ele almaya çalışmıştır. Iqbal'ın çalışmasının önemli bir yönü ise Bengal Deltası'nda insan kaynaklı ekolojik değişikliklerin sudan geçen hastalık ve kıtlığa nasıl neden oldukları üzerine yaptığı araştırmasıdır. Elinizdeki çalışma, Doğu Bengal'ın Dhaka bölgesindeki salgın hastalıklarla mücadelede sömürge yönetiminin çabalarının iki sebepten dolayı başarısız olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Birincisi, 19. yüzyıl ve 20. yüzyıl başlarında Dhaka'daki sömürge yönetiminin sağlık kurumları ve altyapısının yetersizliği ve ihtiyaç duyanlar tarafından kolay ulaşılamaz olmasıdır. İkincisi ise sömürge yönetiminin yaklaşım ve kalkınma projelerinin Bengal Deltası'ndaki ekolojik dengeyi bozarak kıtlık ve hiperendemik hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasında ve dolayısıyla bölgede çok sayıda insanın ölümüne neden olmasında büyük bir rol onynamasıdır. Bu çalışma, salgın hastalıklar üzerinden Bengal Deltası'nın sömürge dönemi tarihini incelemek için dinamik deltaik yapısına dayanarak oluşturulan bir ekolojik çerçeve/altyapı kullanmaktadır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada Delta kavramı bu bölgedeki sömürge yönetimi tarihinde büyük bir 'anomali bölgesi' olarak kullanılmıştır. Bölgenin tarihini değerlendirmede bu çerçeveyi kullanan çalışmamız, Doğu Bengal'deki salgın hastalıkları defetmek noktasında sömürge dönemi boyunca görülen başarısızlıkta bölgenin ekolojik şartlarını dikkate almayan sömürge politikalarının doğrudan sorumlu olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır. ; The dynamic nature of the ecological regime of eastern Bengal stems from the fact that it is home to the largest delta in the world, the Bengal Delta. Despite its importance, its history has been underrepresented in regional historiography. Iftekhar Iqbal tried to address thisunder-representation by incorporating the category of the ecological in his assessment of the region. An important aspect of Iqbal's scholarship includes the study of how human-induced ecological changes in the Bengal Delta spread water-borne diseases and caused famine. The present study argues that colonial efforts to combat the epidemic disease at Dhaka in eastern Bengal failed due to two reasons. First, the colonial medical institutions and health infrastructure in the nineteenth and early twentieth century Dhaka was disproportionately distributed and remained inadequate and out of the reach of those who needed it most. Second, colonial developmental projects and attitudes leading to the loss of ecological balance in the Bengal Delta contributed to famine-like conditions and hyperendemicity of epidemic disease in the region, which together contributed to higher mortality in the region. This study employs an ecological framework based on dynamic deltaic nature to examineepidemics in assessing the colonial history of the Bengal Delta region. It also uses the notion of the Delta as a broader 'zone of anomaly' in the history of colonial administration of the region. Employing this framework to assess the history of the region, the study concludes that colonial policies that neglected ecological concerns in the delta were directly responsible for failure in eradicating epidemics in eastern Bengal during the colonial period.

The Political History of Muslim Bengal, while speaking of the history of a lesser-known part of the Muslim world, has an interesting story of its own. The author, a former energy advisor to the Bangladesh government and the opposition-associated editor of a well-known news daily called Amar Desh (My Nation), wrote this book in ten months while being imprisoned for political activities in Bangladesh. As an attempt to narrate a political history of Muslim Bengal from its earliest origins, the book aims to be ambitious in its scope. Starting as a venture in exploring the roots of the Bengali Muslim identity from the beginning of the thirteenth century, the author attempts to map out the trajectory of that identity amidst the socio-political undulations of Bangladesh's post-colonial and post-independence period. ; WOS:000610608400019

Administrative Tribunal in Bangladesh is a specialized adjudicating body established in order to ensure prompt, effective, inexpensive, flexible, and expert adjudication as well as expeditious disposal of service disputes of civil servants by ousting the jurisdiction of ordinary courts on such matter. However, this paper tries to explore that the adjudicating mechanism of such Tribunals are affected by intricate legislation, non-compliance to the Constitutional mandate, deviation from equality principles, unavailability of a dynamic procedure as to the recruitment of personnel of expertise, non-existence of any established system of appointing panel advocate, a variety of the jurisdictional lacking and faults as well as functional and procedural defects. To explore challenges related to the Administrative Tribunals in Bangladesh, this paper attempts to examine whether the legal provisions of the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1980 and Rules framed thereunder are adequate for the proper and expeditious disposal of the service litigants' grievances through the critical analysis of these provisions compared to, especially, that of India and Pakistan as well as the empirical scrutiny of the practical scenario of such Tribunals in Bangladesh. This paper, in fine, concludes with the necessity for serious modifications of those legal provisions and tackling those challenges, and therefore puts forward the ways out.

Abstract
This article delineates processes of the ongoing Rohingya genocide by analyzing victim narratives through the lens of Gregory H. Stanton's model of ten stages of genocide. Addressing the issues from theoretical and empirical perspectives offers a structured—if refracted—view of the plans, policies, and actions of the perpetrators. While bringing in historical origins and socio-political factors, the article rests primarily on victims' accounts, along with evidence gathered by human rights organizations and the international press. The leaders of Myanmar seem intent on limiting international understandings of their program to simple ethnic cleansing—not prosecutable under the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. But while internal documents would be required to reveal the regime's intentions and so validate Stanton's model, testimonies and witness accounts afford ample grounds to assess the evolution of events as genocide. The following privileges the experiences and narratives of grassroots Rohingya victims.

The Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) has created tremendous negative impacts on the livelihood of the marginal population in Bangladesh. Many people working in the informal sector have lost their job and income due to the ongoing pandemic. Unemployment and poverty among the people in both urban and rural areas throughout the country have increased. The success in economic growth in the last few decades could not save poor people to become extreme poor because economic prosperity was not inclusive in Bangladesh. This study tries to identify some of the impacts that COVID-19 has imposed on the lives of marginal population. Then it indicates some of the serious limitations of the existing economic policies. This article suggests that only growth-oriented policy measures are not sufficient to reconstruct the economy in the post-COVID era. Rather Bangladesh needs to adopt employment-oriented economic policies that are capable to create more jobs and reduce poverty and inequality.

Despite various efforts made by the international organisations over the decades, the idea of concluding an international agreement on foreign investment is still some way off. Due to the protest from the developing states, at this moment, international organisations do not have this item on their active agenda. The objective if this paper is to provide a thorough understanding of the law of foreign investment and the interplay between law and politics in regulating foreign investment. This paper examines two questions, namely, what are the efforts of the international organisations of regulating foreign investment? How has the law been interpreted over the years? Using doctrinal research method, this paper will critically analyse various international instruments in order to find out their effort to regulate FDI in host states. The findings of this study show that contribution made by the UN and other international organisations may not have led to a triumphant conclusion of a universal instrument but they have spelt out the main principles of law governing the treatment of foreign investment under international law.

Abstract In absence of any global treaty, the bilateral investment treaties (BITs) are playing an important role in regulating foreign investments in the host countries. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, there are 2361 BITs in force and like other members of the World Trade Organization, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and the USA also signed BITs to facilitate trade. The primary purpose of economic globalization is the economic development of the developing and least-developed countries as well as to facilitate the benefits of the home states. Bangladesh and Malaysia foreign investment laws have no specific provision of protecting the environment and fails to maintain high standard like USA environment laws. This paper addresses two questions: (a) do the bilateral investment treaties of Bangladesh, Malaysia, and USA have any specific provisions to protect the environment in the host country? (b) should environmental protection be considered during the entry of foreign investments in Bangladesh, Malaysia, and USA? Using the doctrinal research method, we critically analyzed 40 BITs signed by Bangladesh, Malaysia, and USA with different countries to explore whether there is any specific reference to protecting the environment. We find that the existing BITs mainly have provisions to promote and protect foreign investments, and 7 out of 40 BITs have a specific reference to protecting the environment. Therefore, governments should consider this important factor to insert while signing any future BITs.Keywords: Bilateral investment treaties, environmental protection, Bangladesh, Malaysia, United States of America. AbstrakJika tidak ada perjanjian global, maka perjanjian investasi bilateral (BIT) memainkan peran penting dalam mengatur investasi asing di negara setempat. Menurut Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Perdagangan dan Pembangunan, ada 2.361 BIT yang masih berlaku, dan seperti anggota Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia lainnya, maka negara Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan AS juga menandatangani BIT untuk memfasilitasi perdagangan. Tujuan utama globalisasi ekonomi adalah pembangunan ekonomi negara-negara berkembang dan negara tidak berkembang, serta untuk memfasilitasi keuntungan negara asal. Undang-undang investasi asing Bangladesh dan Malaysia tidak memiliki ketentuan khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan dan gagal mempertahankan standar tinggi seperti undang-undang lingkungan AS. Makalah ini membahas dua pertanyaan: (a) apakah perjanjian investasi bilateral Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan AS memiliki ketentuan khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan di negara asal? (b) haruskah perlindungan lingkungan dipertimbangkan selama masuknya investasi asing di negara Bangladesh, Malaysia dan Amerika Serikat? Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal, penulis menganalisis secara kritis 40 BIT yang ditandatangani oleh negara Bangladesh, Malaysia dan AS dengan berbagai negara untuk mengeksplorasi apakah ada referensi khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan. Kami menemukan bahwa BIT yang ada terutama memiliki ketentuan untuk mempromosikan dan melindungi investasi asing, dan 7 dari 40 BIT memiliki referensi khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus mempertimbangkan faktor penting ini untuk dimasukkan saat menandatangani BIT di masa mendatang.Kata Kunci: Perjanjian investasi bilateral, perlindungan lingkungan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Amerika Serikat. АннотацияВ отсутствие какого-либо глобального договора Двусторонние Инвестиционные Договоры (ДИД) играют важную роль в регулировании иностранных инвестиций в принимающих странах. По данным Конференции Организации Объединенных Наций по торговле и развитию в настоящее время действует 2361 ДИД, и, как и другие члены Всемирной Торговой Организации, Бангладеш, Малайзия и США также подписали ДИД для облегчения торговли. Основная цель экономической глобализации – это экономическое развитие развивающихся и наименее развитых стран, а также получение выгод для стран базирования. Законы Бангладеш и Малайзии об иностранных инвестициях не содержат конкретных положений о защите окружающей среды и не поддерживают высокие стандарты, такие как законы США об окружающей среде. В настоящей статье рассматриваются два вопроса: (а) есть ли в Двусторонних Инвестиционных Договорах Бангладеш, Малайзии и США какие-либо конкретные положения по защите окружающей среды в принимающей стране? (б) следует ли учитывать защиту окружающей среды при ввозе иностранных инвестиций в Бангладеш, Малайзию и США? Используя метод доктринального исследования, мы критически проанализировали 40 ДИД, подписанных Бангладеш, Малайзией и США с разными странами, чтобы выяснить , есть ли какие-либо конкретные ссылки на защиту окружающей среды. Мы обнаружили, что существующие ДИД в основном содержат положения о поощрении и защите иностранных инвестиций, а 7 из 40 ДИД содержат конкретные ссылки на защиту окружающей среды. Таким образом, правительству следует учитывать этот важный фактор при подписании будущих ДИД.Ключевые слова: Двусторонние инвестиционные договоры, охрана окружающей среды , Бангладеш, Малайзия, Соединенные Штаты Америки

Nowadays, it is common for the loans to be aggregated as a lump sum, which is then advanced to the company by the trustees. In this situation, the lenders subscribe for debenture stock, sometimes called loan stock, out of the fund. As with shares, such stock forms part of the company's securities, which can be traded in the Stock Exchange. The lenders might require security for their loans. In this situation, a company will charge its property to secure the loan. In light of the Companies Act 2006 of the United Kingdom, this paper will analyze the various mechanisms whereby public companies raise money through debentures and the regulatory consequences of doing so. The companies legislation requires certain particulars of the charge to be registered. Therefore, this paper aims to reflect on: (a) how public companies borrow its capital through debentures or debenture stock; (b) what types of charge the public companies could issue to lenders as security; (c) how to differentiate between fixed and floating charges. This paper will also examine the question of priority among competing creditors and inconsistent decisions of the court regarding fixed and floating charges. The objectives of this paper are to: describe the meaning of 'debenture', discuss the dispute relating granting a fixed charge over book debts, sketch the priority of charges and the statutory listing system, describe the meaning of book debts, explain the character of and the differences between floating and fixed charges. This paper will provide recommendations that could be taken into consideration for future amendments of the Companies Act 2006.