Suchergebnisse

Questions of the role and interpretation of art integrated into the fabric of educational institutions are explored here. Using six case studies taken from Hungarian schools built between 1900 and 1931 issues are raised concerning the 'curricular' and aesthetic nature of the works. Particular attention is drawn to how the art may be perceived, especially when, as in the two principal cases, it is created for schools for the visually impaired. To this end the selection of media ranges from stained glass to mosaic via painting, carving and ironwork, and the locations range from assembly halls to facades via staircases and doors. The political, religious and secular signs expressed are analysed against the backdrop of educational reform and social rupture. The generic subject of 'the decorated school' has been much debated since the introduction of mass education, yet there exists precious little academic study. The choice of the Hungarian examples acknowledges the wealth of material and diversity of ways in which artwork in schools can be read or, better, 'sensed'. Ultimately, caution is advised. ; En este artículo se explora el papel y la interpretación del arte integrado en la estructura de las instituciones educativas. Utilizando seis estudios de caso tomados de las escuelas húngaras construidas entre 1900 y 1931, se plantean cuestiones relativas a la naturaleza 'curricular' y estética de estas obras de arte. Se presta especial atención a cómo el arte puede ser percibido, sobre todo, cuando se ubica en las escuelas para invidentes, como puede comprobarse en los dos casos principales expuestos en el artículo. Con esta finalidad, la selección de vidrieras, mosaicos, pinturas, esculturas y hierro forjado adquiere especial relevancia junto a la vasta gama de espacios como las salas de actos, las fachadas, las escaleras y las puertas. Los signos políticos, religiosos y seculares presentes en estas obras son analizados, como telón de fondo, en el contexto de la reforma educativa y la ruptura social. El tema general de 'la escuela decorada' ha sido muy debatido desde la introducción de la educación de masas; sin embargo, existen pocos estudios académicos. La elección de los ejemplos húngaros reconoce la riqueza de los materiales y la diversidad de formas en las que se puede leer (o mejor sentir) el arte en las escuelas. En definitiva, se requiere atención.

The science around the use of masks by the public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact, transmission characteristics, source control, wearer protection, sociological considerations, and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory particles, and it is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic, paucisymptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: limiting contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures and reducing the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected respiratory particles in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. Given the current shortages of medical masks, we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory particles become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population level, rather than only mask wearing by susceptible people, such as health care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.