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This book assesses democratic resilience and challenges in (relatively) newly emerging democracies in the Asia-Pacific, which are simultaneously important case studies as newly emerging middle powers. Across all dimensions and measurements, South Korea and Indonesia are consistently the most salient case studies to consider. The two case studies are compared across three sections. First, the relationship between economic development and democratic resilience in Indonesia and South Korea. Second, nature of political culture and societal constructs in the two case studies. The final section looks at the potential peculiarities of the two case studies, which are seen as uniquely challenged: Indonesia by religious persecution and South Korea by political populism. Certainly, democratization is a long and difficult process. This book provides insight into how the two countries have embarked on similar democratization projects. It also delineates the successes and failures from which valuable lessons on democratization can be drawn. Brendan Howe is Dean and Professor of International Relations, Ewha Womans University Graduate School of International Studies, South Korea, and President of the Asian Political and International Studies Association.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Abbreviations -- List of Tables -- 1 Political Culture and Societal Exceptionalism: Challenges to Democracy? -- The Role of Society in Democracy -- Asian Alternatives -- Overview -- References -- 2 Confucianism and Democratization in South Korea: A Comparative Perspective -- Introduction -- An Overview of South Korea's Democracy -- Empirical Testing -- Conflict Model -- Compatible Model -- The Hybrid Model -- New Korean Theorization of Confucian Democracy -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Between the Internal Struggle and Electoral Rules Effect: The Challenges of Political Islam in a Democratic Indonesia -- Introduction -- Situating the Debate -- Tracing the Sources of Islamic Groups' Lackluster Performances -- The Effect of Electoral Rules? -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Civil Society and Democratization in South Korea -- Introduction -- Two Interpretations of Civil Society in South Korean Democracy -- The Road to 1987: Four Decades of Struggle -- Civil Society in the Early Cold War Era -- Oppression and Resistance Under Park -- The Breakthrough of the 1980s -- Civil Society in the Wake of Democratization -- Politics and Partisanship in Civil Society -- Co-Optation and Partial Incorporation -- A Tale of Two Impeachments -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 NGOs and Democratization in Indonesia: From Co-optation to Collaboration -- Introduction -- Transformation -- Collaboration -- Government Initiatives -- NGO Challenges to Collaborate -- NGO Sustainability -- Final Notes -- References -- 6 From Poster Child to Poor Cousin? Expanding the Frontiers of Economic Democracy in South Korea -- Introduction -- From Poster Child to Poor Cousin -- Democratization and Economic Liberalization: Dynamic Duo? -- Dissatisfaction with Life, Dissatisfaction with Democracy -- Expanding the Frontiers of Economic Democracy.

This book is divided into three sections comprised of pairs of chapters. First, a section examining how Confucianism interacts with democratic resilience in South Korea, compared with the societal role and challenge of Islam in Indonesian democracy. The second section will conduct brief historical surveys of the role of civil society role in Korean and Indonesian democratization, and debates about the appropriate role for civil society after democratization. In particular, the various roles of civil society non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and popular movements will be highlighted in both countries. The final section looks at socio-economic conditions and distributive justice in relation to democracy in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and Indonesia. Brendan Howe is Dean and Professor of International Relations at Ewha Womans University Graduate School of International Studies, South Korea, and President of the Asian Political and International Studies Association.

"This volume highlights unique contributions of Asian middle powers to promoting of peace, development, human security, and democracy in Southeast Asia. Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan have pursued variations on the normative theme of "new Southern policies," while Thailand is a major subregional actor"--

Cover; Half Title; Series Page; Title; Copyright; Contents; List of figures and tables; Acknowledgments; Notes on contributors; 1 Introduction; 2 Conceptual framework and intersections: peacebuilding, development, and human security; 3 Human fragility in Southeast Asia: the CLMV countries and the Philippines; 4 Japanese contributions to peacebuilding, development, and human security in Southeast Asia; 5 South Korea's middle power diplomacy in development and human security; 6 Summaries and prescriptions; Index

This text assesses the extent to which an emphasis on national security and prioritization of state interests has dominated governance policy-making in Northeast and Southeast Asia, at the expense of human security, human development, and human rights. The findings are that in many cases, there are embedded structural obstacles to achieving human-centered governance objectives in the region. These relate to the role of the military, historical authoritarian legacies, and new authoritarian trends. Contributors examine not only the most obvious instances of military domination of governance in the region (North Korea with its 'Military First' philosophy, Thailand since the 2014 coup, and Myanmar with its long history of military rule), but also less well known examples of the influence of conflict legacies upon governance in Cambodia, Timor-Leste, and Laos.

East Asia is a region deeply affected by conflict. Colonial, ideological, and national wars have left their scars and legacies on regional, international, and national governance. Yet East Asian post-conflict development experiences have been viewed as remarkably successful. The three largest economies of East Asia, Japan, China, and South Korea, have all experienced dramatic growth but immediately prior to their periods of expansion, all experienced the devastating impacts of international conflicts and/or civil upheaval. These post-conflict development 'success' stories do not, however, tell the whole tale. Other states in East Asia and in particular certain regions within some of these states, while apparently emerging from similar conflictual backgrounds, have experienced far less positive transitions. This volume critically assesses measurements of success in East Asian post-conflict development from a human-centered perspective. This involves a major re-evaluation of accepted accounts of domestic governance and international relations in East Asia from both a comparative and inter-disciplinary viewpoint. Case study rich, this volume provides policy prescriptions for East Asian donors and actors in an effort to provide Asian solutions for Asian problems

Comprising case studies of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, this edited volume explores the key characteristics of democratic governance in Northeast Asia. Each democracy is assessed on the extent to which it enables the flourishing of social capital; prioritizes the interests of all as characterized by freedom from fear and want; and empowers all to participate in the democratic process and governance. With particular focus on the experience of minorities, this volume contends that the acid test of democratic governance is not how well the government represents the interests of the elites, or even the majority, but rather how it cares for the needs of vulnerable groups in society.

This volume critically assesses measurements of success in East Asian post-conflict development from a human-centered perspective. This involves a major re-evaluation of accepted accounts of domestic governance and international relations in East Asia from both a comparative and inter-disciplinary viewpoint. This book is rich in case studies and provides policy prescriptions for East Asian donors and actors in an effort to provide Asian solutions for Asian problems.

Preliminary Material /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch -- Introduction to the Developments, Trends and Challenges to UN Peacekeeping Operations /Boris Kondoch and Brendan Howe -- Northeast Asian Perspectives on UN Peacekeeping: China, Japan, Korea /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch -- Southeast Asian Perspectives on UN Peacekeeping: Indonesia and Malaysia /Alistair D. B. Cook -- South Asian Regionalism and UN Peacekeeping Missions: A Case of 'and Never the Twain Shall Meet'? /Rashed Uz Zaman and Niloy Ranjan Biswas -- Australia and Peacekeeping /Peter Londey -- RAMSI Ten Years On: From Post-conflict Stabilisation to Development in Solomon Islands? /Sinclair Dinnen -- All-Japan Approach to International Peace Operations /Yuji Uesugi -- Thailand's Participation in UN Peacekeeping Missions: The Reciprocal Transference of Expertise and Norms /Keokam Kraisoraphong and Brendan Howe -- Why Contribute? Understanding Asian Motivations for Troop Contribution to Peace Operations /Xenia Avezov -- Index /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch.

Peacekeeping and the Asia-Pacific explores the politics, challenges, and future of UN peacekeeping operations from the Asia-Pacific. The first section looks at contributions from the sub-regions: Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. The second section of the book looks at individual country case studies including: Australia, Solomon Islands, Japan, and Thailand. The third, and concluding, section consists of a theoretical summary on the central conceptual theme of Asian motivations for PKO contributions. This content was originally published in vols. 18:3-4 and 19:3-4 of the Journal of International Peacekeeping.

Preliminary Material /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch -- Introduction /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch -- Aggression, the Prohibition of the Use of Force and Northeast Asia /Boris Kondoch -- East Asian Values and Humanitarian Intervention /Brendan Howe -- Between Harmonious World and "War of Order": Chinese Meanings of Just War and Their Reemergence /Nadine Godehardt -- From Ideology to Pragmatism: China's Position on Humanitarian Intervention in the Post-Cold War Era /Jonathan E. Davis -- The Paradox of Non-use of "Use of Force" Option in Japan's Foreign and Security Policy Consensus /Toshiya Hoshino -- "The Crime of Aggression" and Japan /Madoka Futamura -- Questioning the Legality and Legitimacy of a Preventive Strike by the U.S. to Disarm North Korea of Nuclear Weapons /Dan Ernst -- Bibliography /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch -- Index /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch.

Preliminary Material /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch -- Introduction /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch -- Aggression, the Prohibition of the Use of Force and Northeast Asia /Boris Kondoch -- East Asian Values and Humanitarian Intervention /Brendan Howe -- Between Harmonious World and "War of Order": Chinese Meanings of Just War and Their Reemergence /Nadine Godehardt -- From Ideology to Pragmatism: China's Position on Humanitarian Intervention in the Post-Cold War Era /Jonathan E. Davis -- The Paradox of Non-use of "Use of Force" Option in Japan's Foreign and Security Policy Consensus /Toshiya Hoshino -- "The Crime of Aggression" and Japan /Madoka Futamura -- Questioning the Legality and Legitimacy of a Preventive Strike by the U.S. to Disarm North Korea of Nuclear Weapons /Dan Ernst -- Bibliography /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch -- Index /Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch.

In The Legality and Legitimacy of the Use of Force in Northeast Asia, Brendan Howe and Boris Kondoch offer a comprehensive evaluation of when it is right, from regional perspectives, to use force in international relations.