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Increasing the attractiveness of public transport is a key issue in the endeavours towards more sustainable transport systems. While there is a lot of knowledge on what can be done to increase public transport patronage, there is a lack of empirically based research analysing how to do this in practice. Using a comparative case analysis of six regions in Sweden with the highest increase in passenger volumes for public transport between 2009 and 2015, this paper examines the prerequisites for increasing public transport patronage, with a focus on the governance conditions required to implement such measures. The empirical material consists of semistructured interviews with public transport planners and strategy documents for the six regions. The findings show that all regions but one employed a similar approach and implemented measures aimed at concentrating resources to corridors where the potential demand was the greatest. Only one region chose a different approach by investing in services in both strong routes and in the peripheral network. However, regardless of approach, the results highlight that there is considerable coherence regarding the governance conditions that enable implementation. Three main conditions were identified, namely political support, well-functioning collaboration between organisations, and public support through citizen dialogue. The results support key findings on collaborative conditions from previous research, including the importance of joint objectives, trust between key individuals, and the need for long time frames in order to develop collaborative capacity.

In most European countries, the often difficult policy process of setting and implementing speed limits on specific roads is delegated to public administration on local and regional levels. The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the perspectives and priorities of regional actors, specifically planners and elected officials within public administration, concerning their everyday work in setting speed limits within a Swedish county. The analysis indicates significant conflicts among actors with regard to the priorities, politics and goals that should guide the setting of speed limits on regional and local roads. Some groups of actors support a mobility perspective that gives priority to relatively high speed limits in the interests of accessibility and mobility. This perspective is, however, in sharp contrast to the views of other actors, who share a commitment to improve traffic safety through lower speed limits, thereby adopting what can be called a traffic safety perspective. The paper concludes with a discussion of the politics and power relations among actors and their implications for our understanding of decision-making on the issue of speed limits.

This paper analyzes how public transport planning is managed in institutional contexts where governance is spread across local and regional scales. The paper sheds light on two facets of the relationship between local and regional government: first, the decision-making process regarding where to provide public transport services and at what level, and second, integration of public transport with land use planning. An analytical matrix is used to cross-reference the roles of formal institutions (governance established in law) and informal institutions (governance not established in law) against local and regional responsibilities for public transport and land use. Analysis of the interplay between these three axes (formal/informal, local/regional, public transport/land use) reveals how informal institutions help regional and local authorities to negotiate the constraints of formal, statutory institutions and help to "oil the wheels" of delivering measures and policies that make public transport work as a well-functioning system. However, informal institutions clearly have their limits, in the paper exemplified by the remaining challenges to integrate regional public transport and local land use planning. An identified challenge is that, by their very nature, informal institutions are difficult to influence or modify, therefore relying on them to fill gaps in formal institutional responsibilities may be a risky strategy when unpopular decisions are made.

This paper analyzes how public transport planning is managed in institutional contexts where governance is spread across local and regional scales. The paper sheds light on two facets of the relationship between local and regional government: first, the decision-making process regarding where to provide public transport services and at what level, and second, integration of public transport with land use planning. An analytical matrix is used to cross-reference the roles of formal institutions (governance established in law) and informal institutions (governance not established in law) against local and regional responsibilities for public transport and land use. Analysis of the interplay between these three axes (formal/informal, local/regional, public transport/land use) reveals how informal institutions help regional and local authorities to negotiate the constraints of formal, statutory institutions and help to "oil the wheels" of delivering measures and policies that make public transport work as a well-functioning system. However, informal institutions clearly have their limits, in the paper exemplified by the remaining challenges to integrate regional public transport and local land use planning. An identified challenge is that, by their very nature, informal institutions are difficult to influence or modify, therefore relying on them to fill gaps in formal institutional responsibilities may be a risky strategy when unpopular decisions are made.

The aim of the project has been to analyse institutional and planning conditions for public transport in the Scandinavian countries from a comparative perspective, looking at the county of Skåne (Sweden) and the municipalities of Aarhus (Denmark) and Trondheim (Norway). The report considers qualitative case studies of public transport in Skåne, Aarhus, and Trondheim, and uses an empirical material consisting of written material and interviews. It concludes that: (i) new forms of coordination between organizations and policy areas are called for in a number of critical areas, if public transport is to contribute effectively to the development of an efficient and sustainable transport system (for example, forms for the coordination of public transport, land use, and infrastructure planning); (ii) public transport must not be seen as an end in itself, or as merely a technical transport system; (iii) the successful pursuit of public-transport innovations relies upon complex, interwoven stories and arguments that persuade diverse actors and organizations to collaborate and act on their shared meanings; and (iiii) there is a need to challenge the planning myths used to mobilize support for land-use and traffic system developments that undermine the long-term competitiveness of public transport. ; Syftet med projektet har varit att analysera de institutionella och planeringsmässiga förutsättningarna för kollektivtrafiken i de Skandinaviska länderna ur ett jämförande perspektiv. Rapporten bygger på kvalitativa fallstudier av kollektivtrafiken i Skåne (Sverige), Aarhus (Danmark) och Trondheim (Norge). Den använder ett empiriskt material som består av skriftliga källor och intervjuer. I rapporten dras slutsatserna att: (i) nya former för samordning mellan organisationer och politikområden behövs på ett antal kritiska områden för att kollektivtrafiken ska kunna bidra till att utveckla ett effektivt och hållbart transportsystem (exempelvis former för samordning av kollektivtrafik, markanvändning och infrastrukturplanering); (ii) kollektivtrafik ska inte ses som ett mål i sig, eller som enbart ett tekniskt transportsystem; (iii) framgångsrikt genomförande av kollektivtrafikinnovationer förutsätter strategier och argument som förmår olika aktörer och organisationer att samarbeta och agera gemensamt; (iiii) det finns ett behov av att utmana "planeringsmyter" som kan användas för att mobilisera stöd för en utvecklingen av markanvändning och trafiksystem som minskar kollektivtrafikens långsiktiga konkurrenskraft.

The aim of the project has been to analyse institutional and planning conditions for public transport in the Scandinavian countries from a comparative perspective, looking at the county of Skåne (Sweden) and the municipalities of Aarhus (Denmark) and Trondheim (Norway). The report considers qualitative case studies of public transport in Skåne, Aarhus, and Trondheim, and uses an empirical material consisting of written material and interviews. It concludes that: (i) new forms of coordination between organizations and policy areas are called for in a number of critical areas, if public transport is to contribute effectively to the development of an efficient and sustainable transport system (for example, forms for the coordination of public transport, land use, and infrastructure planning); (ii) public transport must not be seen as an end in itself, or as merely a technical transport system; (iii) the successful pursuit of public-transport innovations relies upon complex, interwoven stories and arguments that persuade diverse actors and organizations to collaborate and act on their shared meanings; and (iiii) there is a need to challenge the planning myths used to mobilize support for land-use and traffic system developments that undermine the long-term competitiveness of public transport. ; Syftet med projektet har varit att analysera de institutionella och planeringsmässiga förutsättningarna för kollektivtrafiken i de Skandinaviska länderna ur ett jämförande perspektiv. Rapporten bygger på kvalitativa fallstudier av kollektivtrafiken i Skåne (Sverige), Aarhus (Danmark) och Trondheim (Norge). Den använder ett empiriskt material som består av skriftliga källor och intervjuer. I rapporten dras slutsatserna att: (i) nya former för samordning mellan organisationer och politikområden behövs på ett antal kritiska områden för att kollektivtrafiken ska kunna bidra till att utveckla ett effektivt och hållbart transportsystem (exempelvis former för samordning av kollektivtrafik, markanvändning och infrastrukturplanering); (ii) kollektivtrafik ska inte ses som ett mål i sig, eller som enbart ett tekniskt transportsystem; (iii) framgångsrikt genomförande av kollektivtrafikinnovationer förutsätter strategier och argument som förmår olika aktörer och organisationer att samarbeta och agera gemensamt; (iiii) det finns ett behov av att utmana "planeringsmyter" som kan användas för att mobilisera stöd för en utvecklingen av markanvändning och trafiksystem som minskar kollektivtrafikens långsiktiga konkurrenskraft.