Suchergebnisse

peer-reviewed ; Current comparative studies exploring Chinese administrative reforms within the broader international context of administration tend to compare Chinese administrative reforms with industrial democracies. In other words, current studies on the topic of policy transfer and learning from the West are mostly in the category of interpretative research aimed at developing a better understanding of the learning phenomena in current Chinese public administration reforms. Popular researchers 'from the West' have failed to acknowledge that 'learning' is locally based. In order to fill this theoretical gap in comparative oriented research, this research aims to further develop the literature by recognizing the need to explain what has been transferred and the underlying reasons for the Chinese administration system from a party-state perspective and through the mechanism of policy transfer literature. The focus of this dissertation is to better understand how the regime development struggles in communist China affect how policy transfer is understood and interpreted in the Chinese administrative system. In order to develop the basis for understanding and analyzing policy transfer, this research develops a multi-level analysis, including the central steering level and local implementation level. This thesis applies case study method to explain policy transfer elements that are based on Jowitt's model. After applying elements of Jowitt's policy transfer model to analyze Chinese transfer of Master of Public Administration (MPA) program, this thesis found that MPA policy transfer from Western countries, especially from the United States, was a network that includes both 'hard transfer' and 'soft learning'. 'Hard learning' aspects of the MPA which include cadre training tools, programs and implementation are more telling of international policy in terms of influences on recipient policy changes in cadre training system. Yet 'soft learning' aspects are professional and systematic conception that are differed from ...

Why do the oppressed not rebel, especially when they outnumber their oppressors? What are the social conditions for armed rebellion? Should we be focusing on armed rebellion rather than other kinds of resistance? This dissertation examines these general questions about the nature of social movements in the context of Spanish colonialism. Specifically, it unpacks the long term social conditions that enabled the conjuncture of local armed revolts and regional-scale rebellions in the late colonial period (late eighteenth/early nineteenth century) in Peru through a combination of archaeological and historical evidence. The primary case study is a village called Pomacocha, located in Vilcashuamán province in the modern region of Ayacucho, Peru. By putting an important case study "under the microscope," we can examine how local social conditions influenced regional social conditions for revolt and vice versa. Pomacocha was intensely affected by both Inka and Spanish colonialism and provides rare insight into the lives of the people whose labor sustained the colonial regimes. It began as a transplanted colony of agriculturalists (mitmaqkuna) to supply food for the nearby Inka palace and the Inka provincial capital of Vilcashuamán (Willka Wamán). After the Spanish conquest, the agricultural settlement at Pomacocha was abandoned. Later, an hacienda-obraje was established and a new native community sprang up around it. The area became a politically and economically important zone for the Spaniards. How did the materiality of social relations inform strategies of resistance by exploited laborers in the Andean village of Pomacocha? Historical documents attest to the poor working conditions and abuses at the textile workshop of Pomacocha during the Spanish colonial period, but no significant armed uprising occurred until after the Tupac Amaru II rebellion of 1781. To understand and contextualize the short-term and long-term causes of the late colonial upheaval, I analyze the long-term evolution of strategies of control and resistance at Pomacocha, starting with the Inka period. I combine archival research, archaeological excavations and surveys, analysis of material culture, surname analysis of censuses, and space syntax analysis to show that strategies of state control and bottom-up resistance coevolved from the Inka period, and that this coevolution resulted in a social landscape conducive to alliances across social groups in the late colonial period. There has been little archaeological work aimed at understanding the relationship between forms of resistance and the materiality of social relationships of coerced laborers in the Inka and Spanish colonial periods. By understanding the effect of Inka and Spanish colonial institutions of labor on identity and social cohesion, we gain a better understanding of the motivations, enabling social conditions, and strategies of resistance to such institutions. By taking a long-term view of how the workers of a single community negotiated strategies of control of labor, my dissertation fleshes out a typical case study of the interplay among local motivations and wider social context for general rebellion in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.