Suchergebnisse

This scoping study is an initial activity of FoodSTART+ to assess the potential and opportunities of RTCs (root and tuber crops) to help enhance food resilience among the poor households in upland and coastal communities through collaborative research and development of RTCs innovations with IFAD investment projects. ; European Union ; International Fund for Agricultural Development ; Internal Review

Abstract. A risk reduction program was developed after debris-flow disaster analysis is conducted using mitigation structures, evacuation measures and community restrained expansion strategy. The risk assessment method delineates hazard zones and analyzes vulnerability and the resilient capacity of an affected area, allowing the prediction of losses of properties and lives, and the corresponding risk. It can also be used to evaluate performance of a risk reduction program. The proposed method was applied to the Songhe community as a case study to assess debris-flow risk and performance of reduction programs consisting of mitigation structures, evacuation measures and a restrained expansion strategy. Total annual risk decreased to $0.01 million from $0.72 million for the No. 1 Torrent and to $0.36 million from $1.22 million for the No. 2 Torrent after mitigation structures were installed, and evacuation measures were implemented based on restrained expansion. Although mitigation structures are costly, they can reduce the size of hazard zones. Delimitating the Designated Soil and Water Conservation Area restrains community expansion and decreases possible losses. Although evacuation measures cannot reduce the size of hazard zones, they effectively increase the resilient capacity of residents. The benefit-cost ratio for mitigation structures exceeds 1.0 for both torrents with an average of 3.87; the benefit-cost ratio for evacuation measures is markedly greater than 1.0. Combining mitigation structures and evacuation measures increases the total benefit with a benefit-cost ratio of 4.38. Analytical results showed that the risk reduction program is cost-effective.

This thesis focuses on the recent popular weaving techniques in Taiwan, in order to assist novices of learning in weaving technology and to understand the connection and development of weaving techniques in Taiwan. The method of research is based on a literature survey, which investigates the historical development of each weaving technique in Taiwan. The basic steps of each weaving technique are analyzed using diagrams, and listed the points to note when making them. Finally, the materials and tools required for each weaving technique are compared and contrasted, examples of actual applications are collected and analyzed. In the conclusion section, this study compile an analysis of the difficulties when weaving and the limits of creations. Also sorted the findings and recommendations of this study, which not only provides a detailed reference for novices to learn, but also adds humanistic and historical knowledg of teaching skills, which can enhance the technological learning of various weaving educations.

Smoking prevalence and tobacco-related mortality have steadily declined in the recent decades. However, the use of e-cig and other nicotine containing products used for smoking cessation and other reasons is on the rise. Chronic use of tobacco products leads to serious health issues, yet a limited number of pharmacotherapies are available to treat smoking-related disorders. These pharmacotherapies in some cases are not effective or cause similar side effects as nicotine. Recently, with the inception of SB 493, pharmacists are authorized to be actively involved in smoking cessation. For example, California's legislature granted pharmacists authority to furnish FDA-approved nicotine replacement therapies through SB 493. Thus, pharmacists must complete a training course approved by the board of pharmacy, as well as annual continuing education on tobacco cessation to be able to make the appropriate decision which product to choose for their patients. In this review, we attempted to review the available pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation and discuss the role that pharmacists play to help patients benefit from these products.

Smoking prevalence and tobacco-related mortality have steadily declined in the recent decades. However, the use of e-cig and other nicotine containing products used for smoking cessation and other reasons is on the rise. Chronic use of tobacco products leads to serious health issues, yet a limited number of pharmacotherapies are available to treat smoking-related disorders. These pharmacotherapies in some cases are not effective or cause similar side effects as nicotine. Recently, with the inception of SB 493, pharmacists are authorized to be actively involved in smoking cessation. For example, California's legislature granted pharmacists authority to furnish FDA-approved nicotine replacement therapies through SB 493. Thus, pharmacists must complete a training course approved by the board of pharmacy, as well as annual continuing education on tobacco cessation to be able to make the appropriate decision which product to choose for their patients. In this review, we attempted to review the available pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation and discuss the role that pharmacists play to help patients benefit from these products.

In this paper, we expand the double price elasticity theory developed by Greenhut, Hwang, and Ohta (1974) by including a general cost condition for a profit-maximizing monopolist, cartel, or price leader. Our model generalizes the conventional second-order condition as it incorporates the non-converging price elasticity. Contrary to the textbook prediction, a structural changes or an income effect in tobacco, crude oil and other demand inelastic markets can render the price elasticity of demand to oscillate for a long time but never reach its theoretical limit even in a very long time.