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Drug Abuse Treatment Process: A Review of the Literature
In: International journal of the addictions, Band 20, Heft 9, S. 1321-1345
A Comparison of Four Office Chairs Using Biomechanical Measures
In: Human factors: the journal of the Human Factors Society, Band 50, Heft 4, S. 629-642
ISSN: 1547-8181
Objective: The authors sought to use biomechanical measures, including motion and pressure, to compare four office chairs. Background: The fit of a person to a chair is related to the geometric and kinematic compatibility between the two. This geometric compatibility influences the motions that are allowed or prohibited and the support pressures at the body-chair interface. Thus, during evaluation, it is necessary to treat the chair and user as a system. Method: Four dynamic test conditions were evaluated with 14 participants of varying anthropometries. Test conditions were selected to compare the ability to accommodate primary and secondary motions (recline and spinal articulation) of seated occupants. The ability of a chair to allow recline, yet maintain head and hand positions, was compared across chairs. Also, the ability of each chair to allow and support spinal articulation was evaluated. Motion data for the chair, head, thorax, pelvis, and extremities were collected along with chair back pressures. Upon completion of testing, subjective assessments were also conducted. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between chairs relative to head and hand motions. Also, significant differences were noted for the chairs' ability to move with the body during spinal articulation and the ability to provide support. Subjective assessments also yielded differences. Conclusions: Biomechanical analyses using motions and pressures can be conducted on office chairs with significant differences detected in their performance. Application: Biomechanical assessments can be used to compare and contrast office chairs in terms that are relatable to fatigue reduction as well as operator performance.
Conceptualizing and Assessing Treatment Structure and Process in Community-Based Drug Dependency Treatment Programs
In: Substance use & misuse: an international interdisciplinary forum, Band 35, Heft 12-14, S. 1757-1795
ISSN: 1532-2491
Quality of Alcohol Use Histories Collected at Intake to Substance User Treatment
In: International journal of the addictions, Band 30, Heft 8, S. 963-989
Anatomical Frames of Reference and Biomechanics
In: Human factors: the journal of the Human Factors Society, Band 22, Heft 2, S. 171-176
ISSN: 1547-8181
For dynamic simulation of human movement, segment axis systems are often defined by the inertial tensor unique to each simulated body segment. When empirical three-dimensional data are sought that describe either the mass distribution or the kinematic properties of the human body, anatomical frames of reference are needed for the sake of measurement methodology and data comparability. Anatomical axis systems are based on anatomical landmarks that must represent functional and stable features in the skeletal geometry. The role of anthropometric landmarks used in defining anatomical coordinate axis systems is discussed with examples from current research regarding the kinematics of the hip joint and mass distribution of the whole body. The use of anatomical frames of reference will improve the correspondence between computer simulations of the human body and the biological structure.
Treatment Research: Accomplishments and Challenges
In: Journal of drug issues: JDI, Band 39, Heft 1, S. 153-165
ISSN: 1945-1369
This article reviews the history of substance abuse treatment and its evaluation. The authors comment on key aspects of this history and its implications for the future. Research has been a key factor in the support of substance abuse treatment and the expansion and improvement of treatment options. Despite the progress in the field, organizational structure and functioning, ambivalence on the moral/medical basis of addiction, and narrow perspectives on evidence-based practice have presented barriers for advancement. Future improvement of treatment is seen as dependent on the partnership of researchers and real world providers, studies of evidence- based practice in a wide variety of community based settings and the consideration of complex and changing real-world environments, particularly for rural, uninsured and under-served populations.
Quantifying phosphorus levels in soils, plants, surface water, and shallow groundwater associated with bahiagrass-based pastures
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 17, Heft 1, S. 210-219
ISSN: 1614-7499
Effects of Drug Misuse Treatment on Symptoms of Depression and Suicide
In: International journal of the addictions, Band 27, Heft 9, S. 1035-1065
Conceptual Framework for Estimating the Social Cost of Drug Abuse
In: Journal of health & social policy, Band 2, Heft 3, S. 1-22
ISSN: 1540-4064
Unmet Service Needs in Methadone Maintenance
In: International journal of the addictions, Band 26, Heft 1, S. 1-22
EXPENSIVE DRUG USE AND ILLEGAL INCOME: A TEST OF EXPLANATORY HYPOTHESES*
In: Criminology: the official publication of the American Society of Criminology, Band 23, Heft 4, S. 743-764
ISSN: 1745-9125
Although the empirical association of heroin use and income‐generating crime is well established in past research, the magnitude of the association after control of other factors such as legal income is not known. The relationship between the use of cocaine and income‐generating crime has not received adequate attention. Moreover, the explanatory basis for the expensive drug use/income‐generating crime association is not well understood. This article tests the robustness of the heroin use/income‐generating crime relationship and examines the same question for cocaine use. Hypotheses derived from two explanatory perspectives (the compulsion/demand and life‐style models) are tested. Data were collected from more than 3,500 individuals who were interviewed at the time they entered publicly funded drug abuse treatment programs in 1979. Regression analyses show that daily use of heroin and weekly and daily use of cocaine are strongly associated with illegal income. Theoretical interpretation of the findings suggest: (1) the addiction/compulsion explanatory model is an insufficient explanation, (2) the life‐style concept is useful for understanding the expensive drug use/income‐generating crime relationship, and (3) the concept of addiction needs refinement and elaboration.
COMMENT ON "NONRESPONSE AND SELECTION BIAS IN TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP STUDIES"
In: Substance use & misuse: an international interdisciplinary forum, Band 36, Heft 12, S. 1749-1751
ISSN: 1532-2491
Developing training and employment programs to meet the needs of methadone treatment clients
In: Evaluation and Program Planning, Band 16, Heft 2, S. 73-86