The study analyzes the evolution of trade policy of Ukraine and Poland from the period of transition to a market economy and the functioning of market laws. Among the methods, the systematic method has been used to study the Polish political opinion on the profitability and prospects of mutually beneficial trade, comparative analysis of the results of Ukrainian and Polish foreign economic activity has been conducted, taking into account the requirements of Polish (as part of European) and Ukrainian legislation. Poland's position on changes in the direction of Ukrainian strategic cooperation (multi-vectoral focus) has been analyzed. It has been proved that Poland is a country of great expectations for Ukraine. Official Kyiv seeks tangible assistance from Poland in its confrontation with Russia. Ukraine's victory will mean an improvement in Poland's security and foreign economic situation. At present, the Ukrainian border is the frontier of the Russian Federation's expansion, so the enlargement of the European Union and NATO to the East in order to gain new markets and sources of raw materials will be optimal for Poland. It is concluded that Polish politicians understand that the promotion of Polish products in Ukraine will mean an increase in soft influence on the state of commitment of Ukrainian society. It has been recommended that the active steps of official Warsaw to increase investment interest in the Ukrainian market may lead to the practical implementation of important Polish national interests. It is highlighted that the implementation of Ukrainian export policy depends on the strategies of players in the European and Polish markets. In the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and the annexation of Crimea, Poland's policy of active trade cooperation is perceived by the Ukrainian authorities as pro-American, so official Kyiv seeks to involve Poland in resolving the Nord Stream-2 situation. Thus, Ukraine and Poland are able to independently create a new quality of security and trade relations in the ...
The analysis attempts to justify a new concept of Ukraine's place in the international security system. According to the results of the study, there was carried out an analysis of the historical preconditions for overcoming the postcolonial factors of the Ukrainian elite. The authors emphasized on the exclusive role of Crimea for the dominant state of the Black Sea region and hypothesized about assigning such a role to Ukraine. The use of the comparative method made it possible to distinguish the mental and behavioral principles of the European, Asian, and African archetype. Ukrainian advantages establish a transition to limiting one's own needs, conscious passionate philanthropy. The normative-value method was used to clarify the historical determinants of Russia's common good. The passionate abilities of the Ukrainian elites were confirmed on the basis of historical regularities, for which the activity method was used. It is recommended to take into account the exceptional importance of the Circumpontian community/civilization, which will eliminate Russia's ambitions within the Black Sea. The regional aspirations of the Russian Federation have faced strong opposition from Turkey and Ukraine in recent years. The European Union's position on Turkey has been described as controversial. Getting rid of a toxic partner competitor of the Russian Federation for the EU will create a new geopolitical reality in which priority will be given to respect for international law. Russia's occupation administrations are pursuing a policy of depletion and destruction in states seeking to break out of its orbit of influence. These were the pro-Russian enclaves of the Black Sea region – Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Donbass, Crimea, Transnistria or Pridnestrian region. The builders of the "Russian world" are planning and implementing a plan for the disintegration of the European community, to which A. Merkel drew attention. It is proposed to change the priorities in relation to the modern system of ineffective security system and ...
The article is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for the deterioration of the environmental situation in Ukraine related to trade in forest materials. Periodic floods occur due to disregard for the need to preserve forests. In the first half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire offered raw materials for import and export, including timber and products of primary wood processing from state forests. Executive institutions monitored the increase in sources of tax revenues to the treasury. Taxes were levied on both business activities related to timber trade, and primary and secondary processing. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, the development of the Black Sea Fleet remained a matter of national importance, for the needs of which huge areas of oak and pine forests were allocated in the Kyiv province. Local governments immediately complied with imperial instructions regarding the army, provincial and county administrations, providing their needs. The priority for the authorities was to provide the military with weapons, transport, and heating. There were cases of neglect of the local populations' interests, whose needs were opposed by the military and the administration. Private initiative concerning forests as a source of income often led to mass felling of heating, energy raw materials for distilleries and sugar factories. The newest industries at that time brought superprofits, which resulted not only in the emergence of new social classes and industrial relations, the foundations of the Ukrainian national consciousness, but also a change in attitudes toward Mother Nature. The formation of industrial society was due to the slow growth of welfare of employees, and the accelerated disappearance of age-old forests.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for the deterioration of the environmental situation in Ukraine related to trade in forest materials. Periodic floods occur due to disregard for the need to preserve forests. In the first half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire offered raw materials for import and export, including timber and products of primary wood processing from state forests. Executive institutions monitored the increase in sources of tax revenues to the treasury. Taxes were levied on both business activities related to timber trade, and primary and secondary processing. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, the development of the Black Sea Fleet remained a matter of national importance, for the needs of which huge areas of oak and pine forests were allocated in the Kyiv province. Local governments immediately complied with imperial instructions regarding the army, provincial and county administrations, providing their needs. The priority for the authorities was to provide the military with weapons, transport, and heating. There were cases of neglect of the local populations' interests, whose needs were opposed by the military and the administration. Private initiative concerning forests as a source of income often led to mass felling of heating, energy raw materials for distilleries and sugar factories. The newest industries at that time brought superprofits, which resulted not only in the emergence of new social classes and industrial relations, the foundations of the Ukrainian national consciousness, but also a change in attitudes toward Mother Nature. The formation of industrial society was due to the slow growth of welfare of employees, and the accelerated disappearance of age-old forests. ; Artykuł skupia się na analizie przyczyn pogorszenia stanu środowiska na Ukrainie w związku z handlem drewnem. Okresowe powodzie występują z powodu lekceważenia potrzeby zachowania lasów. W pierwszej połowie XIX wieku Imperium Rosyjskie oferowało surowce na rynku krajowym i zagranicznym, w tym drewno i tarcicę. Instytucje wykonawcze monitorowały wzrost źródeł dochodów podatkowych dla skarbu państwa. Podatki nakładano zarówno na działalność gospodarczą związaną z handlem drewnem, jak i na pierwotną i wtórną obróbkę. Pod koniec XVIII i na początku XIX wieku rozwój Floty Czarnomorskiej pozostawał sprawą o znaczeniu narodowym, na potrzeby której w województwie kijowskim przeznaczano ogromne połacie lasów dębowo-sosnowych. Samorządy natychmiast dostosowały się do instrukcji imperialnych dotyczących administracji wojska, gubernii i powiatu, spełniając ich potrzeby. Priorytetem dla władz było zapewnienie żołnierzom broni, transportu i ogrzewania. Zdarzały się przypadki zaniedbania interesów miejscowej ludności, której potrzebom sprzeciwiało się wojsko i administracja. Prywatna inicjatywa dotycząca lasów jako źródła dochodu często prowadziła do masowej wycinki dla potrzeb ogrzewania, otrzymania surowców energetycznych dla gorzelni i cukrowni. Najnowsze w tym czasie branże przyniosły dodatkowy zysk, co zaowocowało nie tylko pojawieniem się nowych klas społecznych i stosunków przemysłowych, fundamentów ukraińskiej świadomości narodowej, ale także zmianą nastawienia do Matki Natury. Powstanie społeczeństwa przemysłowego było spowodowane powolnym wzrostem dobrobytu pracowników i przyspieszonym zanikaniem wiekowych lasów. ; Статья посвящена анализу причин ухудшения экологической ситуации в Украине, связанных с торговлей лесными материалами. Периодические наводнения происходят из-за неучета необходимости сохранения лесов. Российская империя в первой половине XIX в. предлагала на внутреннем и внешнем рынке сырье, в частности лесоматериалы и продукты первичной обработки древесины из государственных лесов. Исполнительные институты следили за увеличением источников поступлений налогов в казну. Налоги взимались как с предпринимательской деятельности, связанной с торговлей лесом, так и с его первичной и вторичной переработки. В конце XVIII - начале XIX века делом государственного значения оставалась развитие Черноморского флота, для нужд которого в Киевской губернии были выделены огромные площади дубовых и сосновых лесов. Органы местного самоуправления безотлагательно выполняли имперские предписания относительно войска, губернской и уездной администрации, обеспечивая их потребности. Первоочередными для органов власти были вопросы обеспечения военнослужащих оружием, транспортом, отоплением. Были случаи пренебрежения интересов местного населения, потребности которого противопоставлялись военным и администрации.Частная инициатива касаясь леса как источника прибыли зачастую приводила к массовым вырубкам на отопление, энергетическое сырье для винокурен и сахарных заводов. Новейшие на то время отрасли промышленности приносили сверхприбыли, следствием которого становилось не только появление новых общественных классов и производственных взаимоотношений, основ украинского национального сознания, но и изменение отношения к матушке-природе. Становление индустриального общества происходило в связи с медленным ростом благосостояния наемных работников и ускоренным исчезновением вечных лесов
