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The main objective of this work is to present and to base a didactic proposal to teach the enumeration in children of first of Kindergarten through the use of manipulative materials with the purpose of teaching to enumerate of correct form to our students. The work is divided into three main parts that are the theoretical framework, the field study and the didactic proposal. The theoretical framework section presents the current educational legislation at both state and autonomous levels. Next, the enumeration is analyzed through the most significant authors and their different contributions. And finally, to conclude this section, it is based and exposes the need to use manipulative material as the main methodological resource for teaching-learning enumeration in the first year of Early Childhood Education. Subsequently, in the field study section, the results of a survey of various teachers of Early Childhood Education are analyzed and analyzed, evaluating their answers and opinions about teaching the enumeration. Finally, the didactic proposal is presented, which is divided into several sessions in which various activities are presented, using manipulative material, for the teaching and learning of the enumeration in the first stage of Early Childhood Education. The main conclusion reached in this work is that the enumeration, like other mathematical concepts, often suffers from the educational phenomenon known as "didactic invisibility" and that, if it is brought to light by specific exercises and activities, Students can substantially improve the numbering and carding of collections. It is proposed as a line of future research more prominent, based on what has been done in this work, the extension of the study to other prenumerical concepts. ; El objetivo principal de este trabajo es presentar y fundamentar una propuesta didáctica para enseñar la enumeración en niños de primero de Educación Infantil mediante el uso de materiales manipulativos con el propósito de enseñar a enumerar de forma correcta a nuestros alumnos. El trabajo se divide en tres partes principales que son el marco teórico, el estudio de campo y la propuesta didáctica. En la sección marco teórico se expone la legislación educativa vigente tanto a nivel estatal como autonómico. A continuación, se analiza la enumeración a través de los autores más significativos y sus distintas aportaciones. Y finalmente, para terminar esta sección se fundamenta y expone la necesidad de utilizar material manipulativo como principal recurso metodológico para la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la enumeración en el primer curso de Educación infantil. Posteriormente, en la sección estudio de campo, se exponen y analizan los resultados de una encuesta realizada a diversos docentes de Educación Infantil, evaluando sus respuestas y opiniones sobre la enseñanza de la enumeración. Para terminar, se presenta la propuesta didáctica, la cual se divide en varias sesiones en las que se presentan diversas actividades, utilizando material manipulativo, para la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la enumeración en primero de Educación Infantil. La principal conclusión a la que se ha llegado en este trabajo es que la enumeración, al igual que otros conceptos matemáticos, padece a menudo el fenómeno educativo conocido como "invisibilidad didáctica" y que, si es sacada a la luz mediante ejercicios y actividades específicos, los alumnos pueden mejorar sustancialmente en la numeración y cardinación de colecciones. Se propone como línea de investigación futura más destacada, a partir de lo realizado en este trabajo, la ampliación del estudio a otros conceptos prenuméricos.

[EN] This paper analyses the psychiatric content of the novel Los Renglones Torcidos de Dios [The Twisted Lines of God] (1979), by Torcuato Luca de Tena, so as to assess in what way this was capable of reflecting the reality of care in 1970s Spain, within a context of deep cultural changes concerning the concept of madness. The novel reflects a conservative position of resistance and criticizes new developments (psychoanalysis, the anti-psychiatric movement) brought about by a new 'psy culture' in Spain during its transition to democracy. ; [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los contenidos psiquiátricos de la novela de Torcuato Luca de Tena Los renglones torcidos de Dios (1979), con el fin de valorar de qué manera esta obra de ficción fue capaz de reflejar la realidad asistencial en la España de los años setenta en un contexto de profundos cambios culturales en torno a la locura. La novela refleja una posición conservadora de resistencia y critica a las novedades (el psicoanálisis, el movimiento antipsiquiátrico) que estaban propiciando un cambio de la "cultura psi" en la España de la Transición democrática. [PT] O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os conteúdos psiquiátricos do romance Los renglones torcidos de Dios [As linhas tortas de Deus] (1979), de Torcuato Luca de Tena, a fim de avaliar de que forma essa obra de ficção foi capaz de espelhar a realidade assistencial na Espanha dos anos 1970 em um contexto de profundas transformações culturais no âmbito da loucura. O romance reflete uma posição conservadora de resistência e critica as novidades (a psicanálise, o movimento antipsiquiátrico) que estavam a propiciar uma nova "cultura psi" na Espanha da transição democrática. [FR] L'article qui suit vise à analyser les contenus psychiatriques du roman de Torcuato Luca de Tena Los renglones torcidos de Dios [Les lignes tordues de Dieu] (1979) afin d'analyser de quelle façon cet ouvrage de fiction réussit à rapporter la réalité des services psychiatriques dans l'Espagne des années 1970, dans un contexte de profonds changements culturels dans le domaine de la folie. Le roman dénonce une position conservatrice de résistance et critique par rapport aux nouveautés (la pschanalyse, le mouvement antipsychiatrique) qui encourageaient une nouvelle «culture psy » en Espagne pendant la transition démocratique. [DE] Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die psychiatrischen Inhalte des 1979 von Torcuato Luca de Tena geschriebenen Romans Los renglones torcidos de Dios (Die schiefen Zeilen Gottes) zu analysieren, um zu beurteilen inwiefern es diesem Roman gelungen ist, die Situation des spanischen Gesundheitswesens in den siebziger Jahren widerzuspiegeln, dass zu dieser Zeit bedeutende kulturelle Veränderungen bezüglich des Wahnsinns erfuhr. Der Roman vertritt eine konservative Widerstandshaltung und kritisiert die Neuerungen (Psychoanalyse, Antipsychiatrie-Bewegung), welche die sogenannte "Psy-Kultur" während der demokratischen Transition in Spanien förderten. [JA] 本文分析了西班牙作家 Torcuato Luca de Tena 的小说《上帝的笔误》(Los renglones torcidos de Dios) (1979)中的精神分析的描述。该小说在精神病理念发生深度文化变革的背景之下,如实反映 20 世纪 70 年代西班牙的医疗护理现实。小说以一种保守的立场,抵制和批评民主过渡时期西班牙新的"精神分析文化"带来的新变化(心理分析法、反精神分析运动)。 ; Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco del Proyecto de investigación "Psiquiatría y cambio social en España. 1960-1985" (HAR2015-66374-R) financiado por Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) de España y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)

Legume nodules have two types of hemoglobins: symbiotic or leghemoglobins (Lbs) and nonsymbiotic or phytoglobins (Glbs). The latter are categorized into three phylogenetic classes differing in heme coordination and O2 affinity. This review is focused on the roles of Lbs and Glbs in the symbiosis of rhizobia with crop legumes and the model legumes for indeterminate (Medicago truncatula) and determinate (Lotus japonicus) nodulation. Only two hemoglobin functions are well established in nodules: Lbs deliver O2 to the bacteroids and act as O2 buffers, preventing nitrogenase inactivation; and Glb1-1 modulates nitric oxide concentration during symbiosis, from the early stage, avoiding the plant's defense response, to nodule senescence. Here, we critically examine early and recent results, update and correct the information on Lbs and Glbs with the latest genome versions, provide novel expression data and identify targets for future research. Crucial unresolved questions include the expression of multiple Lbs in nodules, their presence in the nuclei and in uninfected nodule cells, and, intriguingly, their expression in nonsymbiotic tissues. RNA-sequencing data analysis shows that Lbs are expressed as early as a few hours after inoculation and that their mRNAs are also detectable in roots and pods, which clearly suggests that these heme proteins play additional roles unrelated to nitrogen fixation. Likewise, issues awaiting investigation are the functions of other Glbs in nodules, the spatiotemporal expression profiles of Lbs and Glbs at the mRNA and protein levels, and the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation during nodule development and in response to stress and hormones. ; This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation-European Regional Development Fund (grants AGL2017-85775-R and RTI2018-094623-B-C22) and by Government of Aragón, Spain (group A09_17R). EL is a Ramón y Cajal fellow (RYC2018-023867-I) and IV is a Formación de Personal Investigador fellow (BES-2015-073059).

Legume plants are able to establish nitrogen-fixing symbiotic relations with Rhizobium bacteria. This symbiosis is, however, affected by a number of abiotic constraints, particularly drought. One of the consequences of drought stress is the overproduction of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), leading to cellular damage and, ultimately, cell death. Ascorbic acid (AsA), also known as vitamin C, is one of the antioxidant compounds that plants synthesize to counteract this oxidative damage. One promising strategy for the improvement of plant growth and symbiotic performance under drought stress is the overproduction of AsA via the overexpression of enzymes in the Smirnoff-Wheeler biosynthesis pathway. In the current work, we generated Medicago truncatula plants with increased AsA biosynthesis by overexpressing MtVTC2, a gene coding for GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase. We characterized the growth and physiological responses of symbiotic plants both under well-watered conditions and during a progressive water deficit. Results show that increased AsA availability did not provide an advantage in terms of plant growth or symbiotic performance either under well-watered conditions or in response to drought. ; This work had been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation-European Regional Development Fund (grant RTI2018-094623-B-C22) and the Government of Navarra (project PC112-113 LEGUSI). EL was a Ramón y Cajal fellow (RYC2018-023867-I) and LC-P and MR were Formación de Personal Investigador fellows from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2015-074411 and BES-2012-059972, respectively).

13 Pags.- 7 Figs. ©2020 The Authors. Under LicenceCC BY-NC-ND ; Legume nodules have two types of hemoglobins: symbiotic or leghemoglobins (Lbs) and nonsymbiotic or phytoglobins (Glbs). The latter are categorized into three phylogenetic classes differing in heme coordination and O2 affinity. This review is focused on the roles of Lbs and Glbs in the symbiosis of rhizobia with crop legumes and the model legumes for indeterminate (Medicago truncatula) and determinate (Lotus japonicus) nodulation. Only two hemoglobin functions are well established in nodules: Lbs deliver O2 to the bacteroids and act as O2 buffers, preventing nitrogenase inactivation; and Glb1‐1 modulates nitric oxide concentration during symbiosis, from the early stage, avoiding the plant's defense response, to nodule senescence. Here, we critically examine early and recent results, update and correct the information on Lbs and Glbs with the latest genome versions, provide novel expression data and identify targets for future research. Crucial unresolved questions include the expression of multiple Lbs in nodules, their presence in the nuclei and in uninfected nodule cells, and, intriguingly, their expression in nonsymbiotic tissues. RNA‐sequencing data analysis shows that Lbs are expressed as early as a few hours after inoculation and that their mRNAs are also detectable in roots and pods, which clearly suggests that these heme proteins play additional roles unrelated to nitrogen fixation. Likewise, issues awaiting investigation are the functions of other Glbs in nodules, the spatiotemporal expression profiles of Lbs and Glbs at the mRNA and protein levels, and the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation during nodule development and in response to stress and hormones. ; This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation-European Regional Development Fund (grants AGL2017-85775-R and RTI2018-094623-B-C22) and by Government of Aragon, Spain (groupA09_17R).EL is a Ramon y Cajal fellow (RYC2018-023867-I) and IV is a Formacionde Personal Investigador fellow (BES-2015-073059). ; Peer reviewed

In plants, symbiotic hemoglobins act as carriers and buffers of O2 in nodules, whereas nonsymbiotic hemoglobins or phytoglobins (Glbs) are ubiquitous in tissues and may perform multiple, but still poorly defined, functions related to O2 and/or nitric oxide (NO). Here, we have identified a Glb gene of the model legume Medicago truncatula with unique properties. The gene, designated MtGlb1-2, generates four alternative splice forms encoding Glbs with one or two heme domains and 215–351 amino acid residues. This is more than double the size of any hemoglobin from plants or other organisms described so far. A combination of molecular, cellular, biochemical, and biophysical methods was used to characterize these novel proteins. RNA-sequencing showed that the four splice variants are expressed in plant tissues. MtGlb1-2 is transcriptionally activated by hypoxia and its expression is further enhanced by an NO source. The gene is preferentially expressed in the meristems and vascular bundles of roots and nodules. Two of the proteins, bearing one or two hemes, were characterized using mutants in the distal histidines of the hemes. The Glbs are extremely reactive toward the physiological ligands O2, NO, and nitrite. They show very high O2 affinities, NO dioxygenase activity (in the presence of O2), and nitrite reductase (NiR) activity (in the absence of O2) compared with the hemoglobins from vertebrates and other plants. We propose that these Glbs act as either NO scavengers or NO producers depending on the O2 tension in the plant tissue, being involved in the fast and fine tuning of NO concentration in the cytosol in response to sudden changes in O2 availability. ; IV was a Formación de Personal Investigador fellow (BES-2015-073059) and EL is a Ramón y Cajal fellow (RYC2018-023867-I), both from the Spanish State Research Agency-Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO). LM was the recipient of a fellowship partially funded by MIUR-Italy ('Progetto Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018-2022' allocated to Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff'). This work was supported by grants AGL2017-85775-R and RTI2018-094623-B-C22 from MINECO, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund, and by Government of Aragón (group A09_17R).