Suchergebnisse

Arguing that macrolevel organizational variables impinge on personnel decisions about the staffing of managerial positions, thereby influencing women's representation in such jobs, data from the 1991 National Organizations Survey for a random sample of 552 service sector & manufacturing work establishments are used to examine job- & organizational-level influences on women's representation in managerial positions & how these effects vary by industrial sector. Results show that the % of women in nonmanagement positions has the strongest effect on female representation in management, while measures of the institutional environment have strong &, in some cases, contradictory effects. The effects of both firm size & the presence of formalized human resource policies differ markedly by industrial sector. Additionally, organizational age has a strong curvilinear effect on women's share of management positions. Organizational structure is important, although the use of identity-blind human resource policies may not have the effect on promoting equal opportunity in the workplace that is often assumed. 4 Tables, 57 References. Adapted from the source document.

Objective. We present trimodality as a distributional pattern that is relevant to conceptual issues of attitudinal polarization but fits nowhere along the modality-bimodality continuum. Methods. We use simulated univariate distributions & distributions taken from the 1994 General Social Survey to investigate how commonly used measures track (or fail to track) noteworthy shifts in the distributions. Results. The kurtosis & variance are largely insensitive to important distributional differences, most importantly that between bimodality & trimodality. Conclusions. We argue that the lack of attention to trimodality & the insensitivity of commonly used measures of polarization (kurtosis in particular) to that distributional pattern create a blind spot in our thinking about polarization & can lead to basic misinterpretations of extant patterns in public opinion data. 3 Figures, 1 Appendix, 26 References. Adapted from the source document.