The business of crime: Italians and syndicate crime in the United States
In: American History
13 Ergebnisse
Sortierung:
In: American History
In: Labor history, Band 17, Heft 3, S. 406-412
ISSN: 1469-9702
In: The American journal of sociology, Band 79, Heft 5, S. 1335-1339
ISSN: 1537-5390
In: American political science review, Band 66, Heft 4, S. 1319-1320
ISSN: 1537-5943
In: The American journal of sociology, Band 74, Heft 4, S. 373-391
ISSN: 1537-5390
In: The International Migration Digest, Band 1, Heft 3, S. 38-55
In: International migration review: IMR, Band 1, Heft 3, S. 38
ISSN: 1747-7379, 0197-9183
In: Labor history, Band 5, Heft 2, S. 153-167
ISSN: 1469-9702
In: International migration review: IMR, Band 18, Heft 1, S. 132
ISSN: 1747-7379, 0197-9183
In: International migration review: IMR, Band 5, Heft 4, S. 506
ISSN: 1747-7379, 0197-9183
In: The economic history review, Band 39, Heft 2, S. 317
ISSN: 1468-0289
International audience ; Pesticides are applied to agricultural fields to optimise crop yield and their global use is substantial. Their consideration in life cycle assessment (LCA) is affected by important inconsistencies between the emission inventory and impact assessment phases of LCA. A clear definition of the delineation between the product system model (life cycle inventory-LCI, technosphere) and the natural environment (life cycle impact assessment-LCIA, ecosphere) is missing and could be established via consensus building.A workshop held in 2013 in Glasgow, UK, had the goal of establishing consensus and creating clear guidelines in the following topics: (1) boundary between emission inventory and impact characterisation model, (2) spatial dimensions and the time periods assumed for the application of substances to open agricultural fields or in greenhouses and (3) emissions to the natural environment and their potential impacts. More than 30 specialists in agrifood LCI, LCIA, risk assessment and ecotoxicology, representing industry, government and academia from 15 countries and four continents, met to discuss and reach consensus. The resulting guidelines target LCA practitioners, data (base) and characterisation method developers, and decision makers.The focus was on defining a clear interface between LCI and LCIA, capable of supporting any goal and scope requirements while avoiding double counting or exclusion of important emission flows/impacts. Consensus was reached accordingly on distinct sets of recommendations for LCI and LCIA, respectively, recommending, for example, that buffer zones should be considered as part of the crop production system and the change in yield be considered. While the spatial dimensions of the field were not fixed, the temporal boundary between dynamic LCI fate modelling and steady-state LCIA fate modelling needs to be defined.For pesticide application, the inventory should report pesticide identification, crop, mass applied per active ingredient, application method or ...
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