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THE AUTHOR'S PREMISE IS THAT "A SERIOUS FLAW IN MUCH CURRENT MARXIST THEORIZING MAY BE TRACED TO AN IGNORANCE OF MARX'S CRITIQUE OF CIVIL SOCIETY." THE AUTHOR EXAMINES MARX'S THREE STAGES IN FREEING HIMSELF FROM THE LIBERAL CONCEPTION OF THAT SOCIETY, THEN DISCUSSES RECENT MARXIST THEORY REGARDING IT. THE ROLE 'CIVIL SOCIETY' PLAYS AS THE 'MATERIAL BASIS' OF SOCIETY MUST BE DIFFERENTIATED FROM THE ROLE IT PLAYS AS THE IDEOLOGICAL ELABORATION OF COMMODITY EXCHANGE RELATIONS IN MARX'S FINAL STAGE OF THINKING.

Ergebnisse einer 1999 in der Westbank durchgeführten empirischen Studie über die Rolle der Bildung als Coping-Strategie palästinensischer Flüchtlingskinder. (DÜI-Hns)

Highlights the circumstances of girls in gangs and the circumstances they face. Much of the violence which is identified comes from links to male gangs and to domestic violence from their partners.

Land policy reform has dominated the development agenda across the Global South over the past two decades. In contrast with earlier distributive land reforms, contemporary policies reflect an amalgamation of neoliberal, state territorial, and social justice agendas. This paper demonstrates how land policy changes reflect the spatially extensive and multi-scalar politics of land contestation and control, employing the cases of Myanmar and Laos. Myanmar's short-lived democratic transition enabled civil society actors to exert uneven influence on policy reform. In contrast, communist party and state dominance in Laos has constrained, although not wholly obstructed, policy intervention by non-governmental groups.

Evaluation Report 257 (26 July 1945)--page 1. ; Target No. 1/18P, Target No. C-9/359, Target Nos. 1/350 and 9/89--page 2. ; File number 60133. ; "Note: the Publication Board, in approving and disseminating this report, hopes that it will be of direct benefit to U.S. science and industry. Interested parties should realize that some products and processes described may also be the subject of U.S. patents. Accordingly, it is recommended that the usual patent study be made before pursuing practical applications." ; "This report has been declassified and released to the Office of Publication Board by the War and Navy Departments." ; "Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee"--P. 1. ; At head of title: Office of the Publication Board, Department of Commerce. ; Reproduced from typewritten copy. ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Purpose of the studyVirological outcomes and resistance patterns in children initiating protease inhibitor (PI)‐based antiretroviral therapy (ART) immediately following HIV‐1 diagnosis are not well described. Challenges include maintaining adherence in asymptomatic patients with very high pre‐ART viral loads. The CHER trial compared deferred but continuous ART (arm 1) with early limited ART (arms 2 and 3).MethodsLPV/r+ZDV+3TC was commenced either immediately (in 250 of 252 children randomized in arms 2 and 3) or at clinical/immunological progression (103 of 125 children in arm 1). Interruption of ART occurred after 40 (arm 2) or 96 weeks (arm 3) and re‐initiation with LPV/r + ZDV + 3TC was based on immunologic/clinical criteria. Viral load was measured on all children with a stored specimen at their last visit, having been on initial or restarted ART following interruption (arms 2 and 3) for at least 24 weeks. Children in arms 1, 2 and 3 not initiating ART due to death (16, 0, 0), LTFU (2, 2, 0) or other reason (4, 0, 0) are excluded. Resistance testing was performed on samples with a viral load (VL) ≥1000 c/mL together with the matched baseline sample, if available. Reverse transcriptase (NRTI and NNRTI) and PI inhibitor mutations were analyzed using a validated in‐house population‐based sequencing assay and the IAS 2011 mutation list.Summary of resultsA total of 377 infants were enrolled; median was age 7.4 (interquartile range (IQR) 6.7 to 8.9) weeks and median baseline viral load was log10 5.7. By end of study (June 2011), 353/377 children had started LPV/r + ZDV + 3TC. Median (IQR) age at ART initiation in arms 1, 2 and 3 was 26.1 (19.9 to 40), 7.4 (6.6 to 8.7) and 7.5 (6.6 to 9.0) weeks. Median (IQR) duration on ART was 240 (216 to 252), 243 (200 to 260) and 240 (194 to 257) weeks in arms 1, 2 and 3, respectively. HIV‐1 RNA was <400 c/mL in 88/101 (87%), 95/113 (84%) and 97/117 (83%) (P=0.96). Twenty‐two of thirty‐two children with VL >1000 c/mL (2/5, 8/14, 12/13 in arms 1, 2 and 3) have had resistance tests to date; nine (41%) had mutations. There were seven with M184V mutations (1, 4, 2 in arms 1, 2 and 3); two with major PI mutations (V82A/L76V) (one in each of arms 1 and 2); and two with major NNRTI mutations (K103N/M230L) (one in each of arms 2 and 3). Two of ten children tested to date had NNRTI mutations prior to starting PI‐based triple therapy.ConclusionsVirological response on ART was excellent in this large cohort of infants initiating LPV/r+ZDV+3TC at a very young age, with no differences between randomized strategies, suggesting that planned interruption after early limited ART does not adversely affect virological outcomes. Overall, approximately 40% of those on ART with VL>1000 c/mL had a resistance mutation; PI mutations were infrequent, despite around 5 years on therapy. Ongoing work will investigate impact of length of time with detectable viral load on risk of developing resistance.