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AUTHOR DISCUSSES THE DIFFICULTIES INHERENT IN ANY ATTEMPT TO ASSESS MILITARY BALANCE AND FOCUSES ON THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS SITUATION FOR NATO'S LONG TERM DEFENSE PROGRAM (LTDP). HE EXPRESSES CONCERN FOR NATO'S CONVENTIONAL-FORCE CAPABILITY, PARTICULARLY COMPARED WITH THAT OF THE SOVIET & WARSAW PACT FORCES, AND RECOMMENDS INCREASING ITS CONVENTIONAL STRENGTH AS AN ENHANCEMENT OF DETERRENCE.

NATO'S FUTURE IS STILL A PROBLEM BECAUSE THE GROUNDS OF ITS FOUNDING HAVE CHANGED. IF THE US PRESENCE IN EUROPE CAN BE CONSIDERED AS GRANTED FOR THE YEARS TO COME, THE FORM OF THIS PRESENCE COULD CHANGE BECAUSE OF ITS HIGH COST. EUROPE MUST HENCEFORTH COOPERATE MORE IN ITS OWN DEFENSE SYSTEM SO AS TO MAKE IT AS CREDIBLE AS THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION.

This exercise book is comprised of questions covering topics in Differential and Integral Calculus, Matrix Algebra and Linear Programming. The aim of the work is to develop student competency in using mathematical techniques as a "toolbox" for the solution of problems relevant to Economics, Business and Finance. The book provides an introductory revision chapter of basic mathematical principles followed by chapters of multiple-choice questions each covering a particular section of the work. In addition to multiple-choice questions, there are extension tutorials requiring written responses and sample tests covering each section of the work. Answers are provided to each question at the back of the book together with a formula sheet for easy reference.

• Opsomming: Ofskoon Grahamstad reeds in 1837 munisipale status verwerf het, het dit bykans nog vyftien jaar geduur voordat ernstige pogings aangewend is om 'n eie stadsaal en kantore vir die munisipale kommissarisse te bekom. Gedurende die vroeg-vyftigerjare het die plan om die Wesleyaanse Kapel vir hierdie doel aan te koop, egter skipbreuk gely. In 1862 is 'n standplaas gekoop waar die stadsaal gebou sou word. Intussen is besluit om 'n gedenktoring ter ere van die 1820-Britse Setlaars digby hierdie standplaas op te rig. Die hoeksteen van die toring is op 23 Mei 1870 gelê. Op 28 Augustus 1877 het 'n kleurvolle gebeurtenis hom hier afgespeel toe die goewerneur van die Kaapkolonie, sir Bartle Frere, die hoeksteenlegging van die stadsaal waargeneem het. Begin Mei 1882 is die doelmatige stadsaal met sy aangrensende kantoorkompleks amptelik in gebruik geneem. In dieselfde maand is ook die prominente gedenktoring op treffende wyse onthul. Hierdie twee argitektoniese bakens hou in werklikheid geen verband met mekaar nie en het afsonderlik en elk in eie reg tot stand gekom; tog word hulle vandag as 'n eenheid beskou. ; • Summary: Municipal government was introduced into Grahamstown in 1837. It was almost fifteen years later, however, before the first serious attempts were made to acquire a city hall and offices for the Municipal Commissioners, although an unsuccessful plan to buy the Wesley Chapel for this purpose during 1851 had been mooted. In 1862 the City Council purchased a site with a view to building a city hall there. Meanwhile it had been decided to erect a jubilee memorial tower near that site to commemorate the Settlers of 1820. On 23 May 1870 the foundation stone of the Tower was laid. Another colourful event took place there when on 28 August 1877 Sir Bartle Frere, Governor of the Cape Colony, laid the foundation stone of the City Hall. At the beginning of May 1882 this suitable building – with its adjacent group of offices – was officially declared open. Later the same month the prominent Jubilee Memorial Tower was inaugurated with pomp and circumstance. Although these two architectural beacons of Grahamstown have in fact no connection with each other and had been established separately and individually, nobody today would think of them other than as a unit.

Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) is an avoidable and harmful exposure in the workplace but more than 25,000 prison staff continue to be exposed on a daily basis in the UK and many more worldwide. SHS exposures in prisons are incompletely understood but may be considerable given the large proportion of smoking prisoners and limited ventilation. This study characterised the exposure of prison staff to SHS in all 15 prisons in Scotland using multiple methods. Exposure assessment strategies included six-day area measurement of fine Particulate Matter (PM(2.5)) and airborne nicotine in each prison together with short (30-minute) measurements of PM(2.5) covering a range of locations/activities. Pre-and post-shift saliva samples were also gathered from non-smoking staff and analysed for cotinine to estimate exposure. There was evidence of exposure to SHS in all prisons from the results of PM(2.5) and nicotine measurements. The salivary cotinine results from a sub-sample of non-smoking workers indicated SHS exposures of similar magnitude to those provided by the six-day area measurements of PM(2.5). There was a high degree of exposure variability with some locations/activities involving exposure to SHS concentrations that were comparable to those measured in bars in Scotland prior to smoke-free legislation in 2006. The median shift exposure to SHS-PM(2.5) was approximately 20-30 μg/m(3) and is broadly similar to that experienced by someone living in a typical smoking home in Scotland. This is the most comprehensive assessment of prison workers' exposure to SHS in the world. The results are highly relevant to the development of smoke-free policies in prisons and should be considered when deciding on the best approach to provide prison staff with a safe and healthy working environment.

Each year, more than 167 million pigs in the European Union (EU) are tested for Trichinella spp. under the current meat hygiene regulations. This imposes large economic costs on countries, yet the vast majority of these pigs test negative and the public health risk in many countries is therefore considered very low. This work reviewed the current Trichinella status across the EU as well as the national level of monitoring and reporting. It also reviewed which animal species were affected by Trichinella and in which species it should be surveyed. This information was used to design a cost-effective surveillance programme that enables a standardised monitoring approach within the EU. The proposed surveillance programme relies on identifying sub-populations of animals with a distinct risk. Low-risk pigs are finisher pigs that originate from so-called controlled housing. All other pigs are considered high-risk pigs. Controlled housing is identified by the application of a specific list of management and husbandry practices. We suggest that member states (MS) be categorised into three classes based on the confidence that Trichinella can be considered absent, in the specified sub-population of pigs above a specified design prevalence which we set to 1 per million pigs. A simple and transparent method is proposed to estimate this confidence, based on the sensitivity of the surveillance system, taking into account the sensitivity of testing and the design prevalence. The probability of detecting a positive case, if present, must be high (> 95 or > 99%) to ensure that there is a low or negligible risk of transmission to humans through the food chain. In MS where the probability of a positive pig is demonstrated to be negligible, testing of fattening pigs from a sub-population consisting of pigs from controlled housing can be considered unnecessary. Furthermore, reduced testing of finishers from the sub-population consisting of pigs from non-controlled housing might even be considered, if conducted in conjunction with a proportionate sampling scheme and a risk-based wildlife surveillance programme where applicable. The proposed surveillance programme specifies the required number of samples to be taken and found negative, in a MS. A MS with no data or positive findings will initially be allocated to class 1, in which all pigs should be tested. When a MS is able to demonstrate a 95% or 99% confidence that Trichinella is absent, the MS will be allocated to class 2 or 3, in which the testing requirement is lower than in class 1